2,4-Pyrimidinediamine Compounds And Uses As Anti-Proliferative Agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds having antiproliferative activity, compositions comprising the compounds and methods of using the compounds to inhibit cellular proliferation and to treat proliferative diseases such as tumorigenic cancers.

1. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/913,270 filed Aug. 6, 2004, which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/494,008 filed Aug. 7, 2003 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/572,534 filed May 18, 2004.

2. FIELD

The present invention relates to 2,4 pyrimidinediamine compounds that exhibit antiproliferative activity, prodrugs of the compounds, intermediates and methods of synthesis for making the compounds and/or prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds acid the use of the compounds in a variety of contexts, including for the treatment of proliferative disorders) such as, for example, tumors and cancers.

3. BACKGROUND

Cancer is a group of varied diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Generally, all types of cancers involve some abnormality hi the control of cell growth and division. The pathways regulating cell division and/or cellular communication become altered in cancer cells such that the effects of these regulatory mechanisms in controlling and limiting cell growth fails or is bypassed. Through successive rounds of mutation and natural selection, a group of abnormal cells, generally originating from a single mutant cell, accumulates additional mutations that provide selective growth advantage over other cells, and thus evolves into a cell type that predominates in the cell mass. This process of mutation and natural selection is enhanced by genetic instability displayed by many types of cancer cells, an instability which is gained either from somatic mutations or by inheritance from the germ line. The enhanced mutability of cancerous cells increases the probability of their progression towards formation of malignant cells. As the cancer cells father evolve, some become locally invasive and then metastasize to colonize tissues other than the cancer cell's tissue of origin. This property along with the heterogeneity of the tumor cell population makes cancer a particularly difficult disease to treat and eradicate.

Traditional cancer treatments take advantage of the higher proliferative capacity of cancer cells and their increased sensitivity to DNA damage Ionizing radiation, including γ-rays and x-rays, and cytotoxic agents, such as bleomycin, cis-platin, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, 5′-fluorouracil, and methotrexate rely upon a generalized damage to DNA and destabilization of chromosomal structure which eventually lead to destruction of cancer cells. These treatments are particularly effective for those types of cancers that have defects in cell cycle checkpoint, which limits the ability of these cells to repair damaged DNA before undergoing cell division. The non-selective nature of these treatments, however, often results in severe and debilitating side effects. The systemic use of these drugs may result in damage to normally healthy organs and tissues, and compromise the long term health of the patient.

Although more selective chemotherapeutic treatments have been developed based on knowledge of how cancer cells develop, for example, the anti-estrogen compound tamoxifen, the effectiveness of all chemotherapeutic treatments are subject to development of resistance to the drugs. In particular, the increased expression of cell membrane bound transporters, such as MdrI, produces a multidrug resistance phenotype characterized by increased efflux of drugs from the cell. These types of adaptation by cancer cells severely limit the effectiveness of certain classes of chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, identification of other chemotherapeutic agents is critical for establishing therapies effective for attacking the heterogeneous nature of proliferative disease and for overcoming any resistance that may develop over the course of therapy with other compounds. Moreover, use of combinations of chemotherapeutic agents with differing properties and cellular targets increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy and limits the generation of drug resistance.

4. SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention provides 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds that exhibit antiproliferative activity against a variety of different cell types, including a variety of different types of tumor cells. The compounds are generally 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds according to structural formula (I):

including salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof wherein:

-   -   L¹ and L² are each, independently of one another, selected from         a lower alkyldiyl linker, a lower alkylene linker and a covalent         bond;     -   R² is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl         optionally substituted with an R^(b) group,         where Y is NH, O or CH₂;     -   R²′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl;     -   R⁴′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl;     -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl         optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b) group, lower         cycloalkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b)         group, lower cycloheteroalkyl optionally substituted at one or         more ring carbon and/or heteroatoms with an R^(a) or R^(b)         group, —(CR^(a)R^(a))_(n)—R^(b),         where D is —(CR⁷R⁷)_(m)—,         where Z¹ is N or CH and Z² is O, S, NH, 8(O) or 8(O)₂;     -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halo, fluoro and         —CF₃;     -   R⁶ is hydrogen;     -   each R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl and halo;     -   each R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OH, —OR^(a),         —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), halo, —CF₃ and —OCF₃;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —OR^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—R^(c)R^(c),         —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), —C(O)—NR^(c)R^(c),         C(S)—NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂—NR^(c)R^(c), —NHC(O)R^(a), —NHC(S)R^(a),         —C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)—NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c),         halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃,     -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OH, (CH₂)_(n), —NR^(c)R^(c),         —OR^(a), O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃,     -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of         —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c) and —NR^(a)R^(d);     -   each R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of         lower alkyl, arylalkyl, —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a) and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c);     -   each R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of         lower alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c)         and —C(O)NH₂;     -   each R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloakyl and phenyl;     -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower branched         alkyl and lower cycloalkylmethyl;     -   each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d) or, alternatively, R¹⁷         may be taken together with R¹⁸ to form an oxo (═O) group;     -   each R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl and methyl or, alternatively, R¹⁸ may be         taken together with R¹⁷ to form an oxo (═O) group;     -   each R¹⁹ is independently selected form the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d);     -   each R²⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d);     -   each m is independently an integer from 1 to 3;     -   each n is independently an integer from 1 to 3;     -   each R^(a) is independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower         cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl and benzyl;     -   each R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting         of —OR^(a), —CF₃, —OCF₃, —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a), —C(S)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)NR^(c)R^(c),         S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(d), —C(S)NR^(a)R^(d) and         S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(d);     -   each R^(c) is independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower cycloalkyl, or,         alternatively, two R^(c)s may be taken together with the         nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form a 5-7 membered         saturated ring which optionally includes 1-2 additional         heteroatomic groups selected from O, NR^(a), NR^(a)—C(O)R^(a),         NR^(a)—C(O)OR^(a) and NR^(a)—C(O)NR^(a); and     -   each R^(d) is independently selected from lower         mono-hydroxyalkyl and lower di-hydroxyalkyl.

In another aspect, the present invention provides prodrugs of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds. Such prodrugs may be active in their prodrug form, or may be inactive until converted under physiological or other conditions of use to an active drug form. In the prodrugs, one or more functional groups of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds are included in promoieties that cleave from the molecule under the conditions of use, typically by way of hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage or some other cleavage mechanism, to yield the functional groups. For example, primary or secondary amino groups may be included in an amide promoiety that cleaves under conditions of use to generate the primary or secondary amino group. Thus, the prodrugs include special types of protecting groups, termed “progroups,” masking one or more functional groups of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds that cleave under the conditions of use to yield an active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine drug compound. Functional groups within the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds that may be masked with progroups for inclusion in a promoiety include, but are not limited to, amines (primary and secondary), hydroxyls, sulfanyls (thiols), carboxyls, carbonyls, phenols, catechols, diols, alkynes, phosphates, etc. Myriad progroups suitable for masking such functional groups to yield promoieties that are cleavable under the desired conditions of use are known in the art. All of these progroups, alone or in combinations, may be included in the prodrugs. Specific examples of promoieties that yield primary or secondary amine groups that can be included in the prodrugs include, but are not limited to amides, carbamates, imines, ureas, phosphenyls, phosphoryls and sulfenyls. Specific examples of promoieties that yield sulfanyl groups that can be included in the prodrugs include, but are not limited to, thioethers, for example S-methyl derivatives (monothio, dithio, oxythio, aminothio acetals), silyl thioethers, thioesters, thiocarbonates, thiocarbamates, asymmetrical disulfides, etc. Specific examples of promoieties that cleave to yield hydroxyl groups that can be included in the prodrugs include, but are not limited to, sulfonates, esters and carbonates. Specific examples of promoieties that yield carboxyl groups that can be included in the prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters (including silyl esters, oxamic acid esters and thioesters), amides and hydrazides.

In another aspect, the present invention provides compositions comprising one or more 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and/or prodrugs and an appropriate carrier, excipient and/or diluent. The exact nature of the carrier, excipient and/or diluent will depend upon the desired use for the composition, and may range from being suitable or acceptable for veterinary uses to being suitable or acceptable for human use.

The 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds are potent inhibitors of proliferation abnormal cells, such as tumor cell proliferation, in in vitro assays. Thus, in still another aspect, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting proliferation of abnormal cells, in particular tumor cells. The method generally involves contacting an abnormal cell such as a tumor cells with an amount of a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound or prodrug, or an acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide and/or composition thereof effective to inhibit its proliferations The method may be practiced in in vitro contexts or in in vivo contexts as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of proliferative disorders, such as tumorigenic cancers.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides methods of treating proliferative disorders. The methods may be practiced in animals in veterinary contexts or in humans. The methods generally involve administering to an animal or human subject an amount of a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound or prodrug, or an acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide and/or composition thereof, effective to treat the disorder. Proliferative disorders that can be treated according to the methods include, but are not limited to, tumorigenic cancers.

Other aspects of the present invention include, but are not limited to, intermediates and methods useful for synthesizing the compound and prodrugs, as will be described in more detail herein below.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

5.1 Definitions

As used herein, the following terms are intended to have the following meanings:

“Alkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated or unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the stated number of carbon atoms (i.e., C1-C6 means one to six carbon atoms) that is derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl, ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl, cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yl-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl, 2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl, but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like. Where specific levels of saturation are intended, the nomenclature “alkanyl,” “alkenyl” and/or “alkynyl” is used, as defined below, “Lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

“Alkanyl” by itself or as pail of another substituent refers to a saturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane. Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl (isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etch; butanyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkenyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl having at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The group may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s). Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl, prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl; butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkynyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkyldiyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic divalent hydrocarbon group having the stated number of carbon atoms (i.e., C1-C6 means from one to six carbon atoms) derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from each of two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne, or by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. The two monovalent radical centers or each valency of the divalent radical center can form bonds with the same or different atoms. Typical alkyldiyl groups include, but are not limited to, methandiyl; ethyldiyls such as ethan-1,1-diyl, ethan-1,2-diyl, ethen-1,1-diyl, ethen-1,2-diyl; propyldiyls such as propan-1,1-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl, propan-2,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, cyclopropan-1,1-diyl, cyclopropan-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-en-1,2-diyl, prop-2-en-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,3-diyl, cycloprop-1-en-1,2-diyl, cycloprop-2-en-1,2-diyl, cycloprop-2-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-yn-1,3-diyl, etc.; butyldiyls such as, butan-1,1-diyl, butan-1,2-diyl, butan-1,3-diyl, butan-1,4-diyl, butan-2,2-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,1-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,2-diyl, cyclobutan-1,1-diyl; cyclobutan-1,2-diyl, cyclobutan-1,3-diyl, but-1-en-1,1-diyl, but-1-en-1,2-diyl, but-1-en-1,3-diyl, but-1-en-1,4-diyl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, 2-methanylidene-propan-1,1-diyl, buta-1,3-dien-1,1-diyl, buta-1,3-dien-1,2-diyl, buta-1,3-dien-1,3-diyl, buta-1,3-dien-1,4-diyl, cyclobut-1-en-1,2-diyl, cyclobut-1-en-1,3-diyl, cyclobut-2-en-1,2-diyl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1,2-diyl, cyclobuta-1,3 dien-1,3-diyl, but-1-yn-1,3-diyl, but-1-yn-1,4-diyl, buta-1,3-diyn-1,4-diyl, etc.; and the like. Where specific levels of saturation are intended, the nomenclature alkanyldiyl, alkenyldiyl and/or alkynyldiyl is used. Where it is specifically intended that the two valencies are on the same carbon atom, the nomenclature “alkylidene” is used. A “lower alkyldiyl” is an alkyldiyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In preferred embodiments the alkyldiyl groups are saturated acyclic alkaniyldiyl groups in which the radical centers are at the terminal carbons, e.g., methandiyl (methano); ethan-1,2-diyl (ethano); propan-1,3-diyl (propano); butan-1,4-diyl (butano); and the like (also referred to as alkylenes, defined infra).

“Alkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a straight-chain saturated or unsaturated alkyldiyl group having two terminal monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from each of the two terminal carbon atoms of straight-chain parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. The locant of a double bond or triple bond, if present, in a particular alkylene is indicated in square brackets. Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene (methano); ethylenes such as ethano, etheno, ethyno; propylenes such as propano, prop[1]eno, propa[1,2]dieno, prop[1]yno, etc.; butylenes such as butano, but[1]eno, but[2]eno, buta[1,3]dieno, but[1]yno, but[2]yno, buta[1,3]diyno, etc.; and the like. Where specific levels of saturation are intended, the nomenclature alkano, alkeno and/or alkyno is used. In preferred embodiments, the alkylene group is (C1-C6) or (C1-C3) alkylene. Also preferred are straight-chain saturated alkano groups, e.g., methanol ethano, propano, butano, and the like.

“Cycloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a cyclic version of an “alkyl” group. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl; cyclobutyls such as cyclobutanyl and cyclobutenyl; cyclopentyls such as cyclopentanyl and cyclopentenyl; cyclohexyls such as cyclohexanyl and cyclohexenyl; and the like, “Lower cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substitutent refers to an alkyl group that comprises a linear or branched portion and a cyclic portion. Typical cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-cyclopropyleth-1-yl, 2-cyclopropyleth-1-yl, cyclobutylmethyl, 1-cyclobytyleth-1-yl, 2-cyclobutyleth-1-yl, cyclopentylmethyl, 1-cyclopentyleth-1-yl, 2-cyclopentyleth-1-yl, cyclohexylmethyl, 1-cyclohexyleth-1-yl, 2-cyclohexteth-1-yl, and the like. “Lower cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a cycloalkylalkyl group in which the linear or branched portion contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and the cyclic portion contains from 3 to 8 carbon atoms.

“Heteroalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an alkyl group in which at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom, for example, a heteroatom selected from O, S and N. In heteroalkyl groups including more than one heteroatom, the heteroatoms may be the same or they may be different Like an alkyl group, a heteroalkyl can be linear, branched or cyclic in structure, and can be saturated or unsaturated. Typical heteralkyl groups include, but are not limited to,

and the like. Where specific levels of saturation are intended, the nomenclature “heteroalkanyl,” “heteroalkenyl,” and heteroalkynyl” is used. “Lower heteroalkyl” refers to a heteroalkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon and heteroatoms.

“Cycloheteroalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a cyclic version of a heteroalkyl. Typical examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,

and the like. “Lower cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a cycloheteroalkyl group having from 3 to 8 ring atoms.

“Parent Aromatic Ring System” refers to an unsaturated cyclic or polycyclic ring system having a conjugated π electron system. Specifically included within the definition of “parent aromatic ring system” are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings are aromatic and one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, for example, fluorene, indane, indene, phenalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, etc. Typical parent aromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to, aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthlylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexylene, indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, tetrahydronaphthalene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene, and the like, as well as the various hydro isomers thereof.

“Aryl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a mionovalenit aromatic hydrocarbon group having the stated number of carbon atoms (i.e., C5-C15 means from 5 to 15 carbon atoms) derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene, and the like, as well as the various hydro isomers thereof. In preferred embodiments, the aryl group is (C5-C15) aryl, with (C5-C10) being even more preferred, Particularly preferred aryls are phenyl and naphthyl.

“Halogen” or “Halo” by themselves or as part of another substituent, unless otherwise stated, refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

“Haloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen. Thus, the term “haloalkyl” is meant to include monohaloalkyls, dihaloalkyls, trihaloalkyls, etc. up to perhaloalkyls. For example, the expression “(C1-C2) haloalkyl” includes fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl, perfluoroethyl, etc.

The above-defined groups may include prefixes and/or suffixes that are commonly used in the art to create additional well-recognized substituent groups. As non-limiting examples, “alkyloxy” or “alkoxy” refers to a group of the formula —OR, “alkylamine” refers to a group of the formula —NHR and “dialkylamine” refers to a group of the formula —NRR, where each R is independently an alkyl. As another non-limiting example, “haloalkoxy” or “haloalkyloxy” refers to a group of the formula —OR′, where R′ is a haloalkyl.

“Prodrug” refers to a derivative of an active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound (drug) that may require a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release the active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine drug. Prodrugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active drug. Prodrugs are typically obtained by masking a functional group in the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine drug believed to be in part required for activity with a progroup (defined below) to form a promoiety which undergoes a transformation, such as cleavage, under the specified conditions of use to release the functional group, and hence the active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine drug. The cleavage of the promoiety may proceed spontaneously, such as by way of a hydrolysis reaction, or it may be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid or base, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature. The agent may be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or it may be supplied exogenously.

A wide variety of progroups, as well as the resultant promoieties, suitable for masking functional groups in the active 2,4-pyrimidinediamines compounds to yield prodrugs are well-known in the art. For example, a hydroxyl functional group may be masked as a sulfonate, ester or carbonate promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the hydroxyl group. An amino functional group may be masked as an amide, carbamate, imine, urea, phosphenyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in viva to provide the amino group. A carboxyl group may be masked as an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group. Other specific examples of suitable progroups and their respective promoieties will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

“Progroup” refers to a type of protecting group that, when used to mask a functional group within an active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine drug to form a promoiety, converts the drug into a prodrug. Progroups are typically attached to the functional group of the drug via bonds that are cleavable under specified conditions of use. Thus, a progroup is that portion of a promoiety that cleaves to release the functional group under the specified conditions of use. As a specific example, an amide promoiety of the formula —NH—C(O)CH₃ comprises the progroup —C(O)CH₃.

“Proliferative disorder” refers to a disease or disorder characterized by aberrant cell proliferation, for example where cells divide more than their counterpart normal cells. The aberrant proliferation may be caused by any mechanism of action or combination of mechanisms of action. For example, the cell cycle of one or more cells may be affected such that cell(s) divide more frequently than their counterpart normal cells, or alternatively, one or more cells may bypass inhibitory signals which would normally limit their number of divisions. Proliferative diseases include, but are not limited to, slow or fast growing tumors and cancers.

“Antiproliferative compound” refers to a compound that inhibits the proliferation of a cell as compared to an untreated control cell of a similar type. The inhibition can be brought about by any mechanism or combination of mechanisms, and may operate to inhibit proliferation cytostatically or cytotoxically. As a specific example, inhibition as used herein includes, but is not limited to, arrest of cell division, a reduction in the rate of cell division, proliferation and/or growth and/or induction of cell death.

“Pharmaceutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound sufficient to treat a specified disorder or disease or one or more of its symptoms and/or to prevent the occurrence of the disease or disorder. In reference to tumorigenic proliferative disorders, a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount comprises an amount sufficient to, among other things, cause the tumor to shrink or to decrease the growth rate of the tumor.

5.2 Antiproliferative 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine Compounds

The antiproliferative compounds are generally 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds according to structural formula (I):

including salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof; wherein:

-   -   L¹ and L² are each, independently of one another, selected from         a lower alkyldiyl linker; a lower alkylene linker and a covalent         bond;     -   R² is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl         optionally substituted with an R^(b) group,         where Y is NH, O or CH₂;     -   R²′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl;     -   R⁴′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl;     -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl         optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b) group, lower         cycloalkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b)         group, lower cycloheteroalkyl optionally substituted at one or         more ring carbon and/or heteroatoms with an R^(a) or R^(b)         group, —(CR^(a)R^(a))_(n)—R^(b),         where D is —(CR⁷R⁷)_(m)—,         where Z¹ is N or CH and Z² is O, S, NH, S(O) or S(O)₂;     -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halo, fluoro and         —CF₃;     -   R⁶ is hydrogen;     -   each R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl and halo;     -   each R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OH, —OR^(a),         (CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a) halo, —CF₃ and —OCF₃;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —OR^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c),         —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), —C(O)—NR^(c)R^(c),         —C(S)—NR^(c)R^(c), —S(O)₂—NR^(c)R^(c), —NHC(O)R^(a),         —NHC(S)R^(a), —C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c),         —C(S)—NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃,     -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OH, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c),         —OR^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), halo, —CF₃,         —OCF₃,     -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of         —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c) and —NR^(a)R^(d);     -   each R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of         lower alkyl, arylalkyl, —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a) and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c);     -   each R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of         lower alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c)         and —C(O)NH₂;     -   each R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cyclo alkyl and phenyl;     -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower branched         alkyl and lower cycloalkylmethyl;     -   each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d) or, alternatively, R¹⁷         may be taken together with R¹⁸ to form an oxo (═O) group;     -   each R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl and methyl or, alternatively, R¹⁸ may be         taken together with R¹⁷ to form an oxo (═O) group;     -   each R¹⁹ is independently selected form the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d);     -   each R²⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d);     -   each m is independently an integer from 1 to 3;     -   each n is independently an integer from 1 to 3;     -   each R^(a) is independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower         cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl and benzyl;     -   each R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting         of —OR^(a), —CF₃, —OCF₃, —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a), C(S)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)NR^(c)R^(c),         —S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(d), —C(S)NR^(a)R^(d) and         —S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(d);     -   each R^(c) is independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower cycloalkyl, or,         alternatively, two R^(c)s may be taken together with the         nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form a 5-7 membered         saturated ring which optionally includes 1-2 additional         heteroatomic groups selected from O, NR^(a), NR^(a)—C(O)R^(a),         NR^(a)—C(O)OR^(a) and NR^(a)—C(O)NR^(a); and     -   each R^(d) is independently selected from lower         mono-hydroxyalkyl and lower di-hydroxyalkyl.

An important class of compounds of structural formula (I) includes compounds in which L¹ and L² are each a covalent bond, such that the compound is a 2,4-pyrimidine diamine according to structural formula (II):

-   -   including salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof,         wherein R², R², R²′, R⁴, R⁴′, R⁵ and R⁶ are as previously         defined for structural formula (I).

An important class of compounds of structural formulae (I) and/or (II) and the salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, includes compounds in which R⁵ is fluoro.

Another important class of compounds of structural formulae (I) and/or (II) and the salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, includes compounds in which R²′ is hydrogen.

Another important class of compounds of structural formulae (J) and/or (II) and the salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, includes compounds in which R²′ and R⁴′ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen and methyl.

Another important class of compounds of structural formulae (I) and/or (II) and the salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, includes compounds in which R⁴′ is methyl.

Other important classes of compounds of structural formulae (I) and/or (II) include compounds according to structural formulae (III)-(V):

-   -   and salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein R²,         R²′, R⁴ and R⁴′, are as previously defined for structural         formula (I).

When R² and/or R⁴ is

in the compounds described herein, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are not both simultaneously lower alkoxy or methoxy. In other embodiments, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are not each simultaneously lower alkoxy or methoxy. In still other embodiments R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each methoxy or lower alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, —OR^(a), halo, —CF₃ and —OCF₃ and one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is selected from

In a specific embodiment, the other one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is other than

In yet other embodiments, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, —OR^(a), halo, —CF₃ and —OCF₃ and one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is selected from —OCH₂C(O)R^(a), —OCH₂C(O)OR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(d), —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(d) and —OCH₂C(O)NR^(c)R^(c). In a specific embodiment, the other one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is other than —OCH₂C(O)R^(a), OCH₂C(O)OR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(d) or —OCH₂C(O)NR^(c)R^(c).

In yet other embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, —OR^(a), halo, —CF₃ and OR^(a) and R¹⁰ is

In yet other embodiments R⁹ is hydrogen and R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, —CF₃ and —OCF₃. Specific combinations of R⁸ and R¹⁰ when R⁹ is hydrogen are as follows:

-   -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each the same lower alkyl or methyl;     -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each the same lower alkoxy or methoxy;     -   R⁸ is lower alkyl or methyl and R¹⁰ is —CF₃;     -   R⁸ is lower alkoxy or methoxy and R¹⁰ is —CF₃; and     -   R⁸ is lower alkyl or methyl and R¹⁰ is —OCF₃.

In still other embodiments, R⁹ is hydroxy, methoxy or chloro and R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy and chloro. Specific combinations of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ according to this embodiment are as follows:

-   -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each methyl and R⁹ is hydroxy, methoxy or chloro;     -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each chloro and R⁹ is hydroxy or methoxy; and     -   R⁸ is chloro, R¹⁰ is methyl and R⁹ is hydroxy or methoxy.

When R² and R⁴ are each

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments no more than one of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ of the R⁴ phenyl is hydrogen unless at least one of R⁸, R⁹ or R¹⁰ of the R² phenyl is —O(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c),

In other embodiments, the substitution patterns of the R² and R⁴ phenyl rings are different from each other such that the compound is not a N2,N4-bis(3,4,5-substituted phenyl)pyrimidinediamine.

In still other embodiments, the compound is a compound according to structural formula (VI):

including the salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof wherein R⁴′, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are as previously defined for structural formula (I).

In still other embodiments when R² and R⁴ are each

R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are selected such that each R² and R⁴ phenyl ring is mono-substituted.

In yet other embodiments when R² and R⁴ are each

R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are selected such that each R² and R⁴ phenyl ring is di-substituted. In one specific embodiment, each R² and R⁴ phenyl ring is substituted with an ethylenedioxy acetal group.

In still other embodiments when R² and R⁴ are each

R¹⁰ of the R² or R⁴ ring is other than 1,3-oxazolyl or 1,3-oxazol-5-yl when the R⁸ and R⁹ of the same ring are each hydrogen. In one specific embodiment, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are as defined in the preceeding sentence when R⁵ is fluoro and L² is a lower alkylene. In another specific embodiment, R² is other than 3-(1,3-oxazolyl)phenyl or 3-(1,3-oxazol-5-yl)phenyl when R⁴ is 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl. In another specific embodiment, the compound is other than N2-[3-(1,3-oxazolyl)phenyl]-N4-[2-trifluoromethy)lbenzyl]-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine. In compounds where R¹⁰ is an oxazolyl, the oxazolyl is not connected at the 5 position. In a specific embodiment, the oxazole is connected at the 2 position. In still another specific embodiment, the compound is not any compound described in WO 03/040141, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

When R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(VI), in some embodiments one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is selected from

where R¹² is as previously defined for structural formula (I) and the other one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is other than

In still other embodiments, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy and halo and one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is —OCH₂—R^(b), where R^(b) is selected from —C(O)NR^(a) and —C(O)NHR^(a), and the other one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy and halo. In still other embodiments R² is

where R⁸ is hydrogen, fluoro or CF₃. In a specific embodiment, R² is

When 12 is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds according to structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo and chloro. One specific embodiment, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹³ are each independently selected from halo, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, and methoxy. In another specific embodiment, R² is selected from

In some embodiments of compounds in which R² is

including any of the above-described specific embodiments, R⁴ is selected from

where D is as previously defined for structural formula (I).

When R² is 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl or 3,4,5-tri(loweralkoxy)phenyl in the compounds described herein, such as, for example the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁴ is

where Z¹, Z² and R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are as previously described for structural formula (I).

When R⁹ or R¹⁰ is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(VI), in some embodiments R¹² is methyl. In other embodiments, R¹² is —C(O)R^(a) or —C(O)OR^(a), where R^(a) is lower alkyl, ethyl or methyl.

When R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments (i) each R¹³ is, independently or the other, selected from lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy and methoxy; and/or (ii) R⁴ is selected from

where Z¹, Z² and R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are as previously described for structural formula (I). In a specific embodiment, R⁴ is

where Z¹ is CH, R¹⁶ is hydrogen R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are taken together to form an oxo (═O) group and R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are each hydrogen or methyl; and R² is

where each R¹³ is, independently of the other, selected from lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy and methoxy.

When R² is lower alkyl in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁴ is

where D is as previously defined for structural formula (I)

When R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, —NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₂OH, —NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH, —NHCH₂CH(OH)(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂OH and —N(CH₃)C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH and Y is as previously defined.

When R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments the ring is connected to the remainder of the molecule at the 5-position

In other embodiments, it is connected to the remainder of the molecule at the 6-position

In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is selected from lower n-alkanyl, lower branched alkanyl, lower cycloalkanyl and lower cycloalkanylmethyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is selected from

When R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compound of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁴ is selected from lower cycloalkyl and lower cycloheteroalkyl optionally substituted at one or more ring carbon or heteroatoms with an R^(a) or an R^(b) group. In a specific embodiment, R⁴ is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,

where R^(e) and R^(f) are selected from (C1-C3) alkanyl and methyl and R^(g) is benzyl. In some embodiments, each R^(e) is methyl. In some embodiments, R^(f) is ethyl.

When R⁴ is selected from lower alkyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, lower cycloalkyl,

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments R² is selected from

where R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹³ are as previously defined for structural formula (I). In a specific embodiment, R² is selected from any of the above-described embodiments of these substituted phenyls. In other embodiments, R² is

where R⁸ and R⁹ are a previously defined for structural formula (I).

When R⁴ is

where R¹⁵ is lower branched alkyl or t-butyl, and R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments at least one of R⁸ or R¹⁰ is other than hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least two of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are other than hydrogen. In still other embodiments, at least two of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹³ are other than hydrogen.

In still other embodiments, either: (i) R⁹ is

and R¹⁰ is other than

or (ii) R¹⁰ is

and R⁹ is other than

In a specific embodiment of alternative (i), R¹⁰ is hydrogen. In a specific embodiment of alternative (ii), R⁹ is hydrogen.

In still other embodiments, when R² is

where R⁸ and R⁹ are each hydrogen, then R¹⁰ is other than lower branched alkyl, t-butyl or —O(CH₂)_(n)R^(b), where n is as previously defined for structural formula (I) and R^(b) is selected from NRCRA, —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c) and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(d).

In still other embodiments, when R² is

where R⁹ is hydrogen and R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl and methyl, then R⁸ is other than —O(CH₂)_(n)R^(b), where it is as previously defined for structural formula (I) and R^(b) is —NR^(c)R^(c). In still other embodiments, the compound is not any compound described in WO 01/64656, WO 03/026665 or WO 03/026666, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

When R⁴ is —(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b) in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (II)-(V), in some embodiments R^(b) is selected from the group consisting of —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a) and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), where each R^(c) is independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl.

When R⁴ is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V) in some embodiments R² is

where R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of —OR^(a), methoxy, isopropoxy, OCH₂C(O)OR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NR^(a)R^(a) and —OCH₂CH₂NR^(a)R^(a); and R⁸ and R¹⁰ are as previously defined for structural formula (I). In a specific embodiment, R⁸ and R¹⁰ are selected from one of the following combinations:

-   -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ are each the same lower alkyl or methyl;     -   R⁸ is lower alkyl or methyl and R¹⁰ is halo, fluoro or chloro;         and     -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each the same halo, fluoro or chloro.

When R⁴ is selected from lower alkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(b) group, a lower cycloalkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(b) group and C(R^(a)R^(a))_(n)—R^(b), where, R^(a) and R^(b) are as previously defined for structural formula (I), and/or L² is a lower alkylene linker in the compounds described herein, in some embodiments, R² is other than mono-substituted phenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-halophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-halophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 3,4-dihalophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl or 3,4-dichlorophenyl. In a specific embodiment, R² is other than these defined groups in compounds in which R⁵ is —CF₃. In another specific embodiment, the compound is not any compound described in US 2003/0171359 and/or WO 03/032997, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

When R⁴ is

and R² is

in the compounds described herein, such as, for example, the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(V), in some embodiments, R⁹ and R⁹ are non-bulky substitutents. In a specific embodiment, R⁹ is other than

and R¹⁰ is other than

In another specific embodiment, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen lower alkyl, methyl hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, fluoro and chloro. In another specific embodiment, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy and methoxy, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkoxy and methoxy and R¹⁰ is selected from lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, fluoro and

In all of the compounds described herein in which R⁴ is

in some embodiments D is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —CF₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CF₂—CF₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—.

In all of the compounds described herein having lower alkyl substitutents or substituents including lower alkyl groups (e.g., lower alkoxy groups, etc.), in some embodiments the lower alkyl substituent or group is a saturated straight-chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (i.e., an alkanyl).

Additional exemplary embodiments of the compounds described herein are illustrated in the following TABLES 1-14, below TABLE IA Type A Type B

No. Type n R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 101 A 1 H

H H + 102 A 1 H H

H + + 103 A 1 H H

H + + 104 A 1 H

H H + + 105 A 1 H

H H + + 106 A 1 H H

H + + 107 A 2 H

H H + + 108 A 2 H

H H + + 109 A 2 H H

H + + 110 A 2 H H

H + + 111 A 2 H Cl Cl H + + 112 A 2 H OMe Cl H + + 113 A 2 H H

H + + 114 A 2 Cl OMe Cl H + + 115 A 2 H H

H + + 116 A 2 Me H Me H + + 117 A 2 OMe H OMe H + + 118 A 2 OMe H CF₃ H − + 119 A 2 H H

H + + 120 A 2 H H

H + + 121 A 2 H

H H + + 122 A 2 H

H H + + 123 A 2 H

H Me + + 124 A 2 H

H Me + + 125 A 2 H

H Me + + 126 (HCl salt) A 2 H

H Me + + 127 A 2 H H

Me + + 128 A 2 H H

Me + + 129 A 2 H H

Me + + 130 A 2 H H

Me + + 131 A 2 H

H H + + 132 A 2 H

H H + + 133 A 3 H

H H + + 134 A 3 H

H H + + 135 A 3 H H

H + + 136 A 3 H H

H + + 137 A 3 H H

H + + 138 A 3 H H

H + + 139 A 4 H

H H + + 140 A 4 H

H H + + 141 A 4 H

H H + + 142 A 4 H

H H + + 143 A 4 H H

H + + 144 A 4 H H

H + + 145 A 4 H H

H + + 146 A 4 H H

H + + 147 A 3 H

H H + + 148 A 3 H

H H + + 149 A 4 H

H H + + 150 A 4 H

H H + + 151 A 2 H H

Me + + 152 A 2 H

Cl H + + 153 A 4 H

Cl H + + 154 (HCl salt) A 2 H

H H + + 155 (TsOH salt) A 4 H

H H + + 156 (HCl salt) A 4 H

H H + + 157 A 3 H

Cl H + + 158 A 2 H

Cl H + + 159 A 4 H

Cl H + + 160 A 2 H

Me H + + 161 A 3 H

Me H + + 162 A 4 H

Me H + + 163 A 2 H

CF₃ H + + 164 A 2 H

CF₃ H + + 165 A 4 H

CF₃ H + + 166 A 2 H

Me H + + 167 B 2 H

— H + + 168 B 3 H

— H + + 169 B 4 H

— H + + 170 A 2 H

CH₂OH H 171 B 2 Me

— H + + 172 B 3 Me

— H + + 173 B 4 Me

— H + + 174 A 2 H

CH₂OH H + + 175 A 3 H

H H + − 176 A 3 H

H H + + 177 A 3 H

H H + + TABLE 1B Type A Type B

No. Type R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 178 A H

H H + + 179 A H H

H + + 180 A H

Cl H + + 181 A H

Me H + + 182 A H

CF₃ H + + 183 B H

— H + + 184 B Me

— H + + TABLE 1C Type A Type B

No. Type R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 185 A H

H H + + 186 A H H

H + + 187 A H

Cl H + + 188 A H

Me H + + 189 A H

CF₃ H + + 190 B H

— H + + TABLE 1D Type A Type B

No. Type R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 191 A H

H H 192 A H

H H 193 A H

H H 194 A H

H H 195 A H H

H 196 A H H

H 197 A H H

H 198 A H H

H

TABLE 2

No. R¹⁵ R²¹ R²² R²³ A549 H1299 199 t-butyl H H

+ 200 t-butyl H H

+ + 201 t-butyl H H

+ + 202 t-butyl H

H + + 203 t-butyl H

H + + 204 t-butyl H

H + + 205 cyclopropyl H H

+ + 206 cyclopropyl H

H + + 207 cyclopropyl H H

+ + 208 cyclopropyl H H

209 cyclopropyl H

H + + 210 cyclopropyl H

H + − 211 cyclopropyl H H

+ + 212 cyclopropyl H

Cl + + 213 cyclopropyl H

Me + + 214 cyclopropyl H

CF₃ + +

TABLE 3 Type A Type B

No. Type R⁴ R²¹ R²² R²³ A549 H1299 215 A i-propyl H

H + + 216 A i-propyl H

Cl + + 217 A i-propyl H

Me + + 218 A i-propyl H

CF₃ + + 219 A i-propyl H H

+ + 220 A t-butyl H

H + + 221 A t-butyl H H

+ + 222 A t-butyl H

Cl + + 223 A t-butyl H

Me + + 224 A t-butyl H

CF₃ + + 225 B i-propyl H

— + + 226 B t-butyl H

— + + 227 B i-propyl Me

— + +

TABLE 4

No. Z¹ Z² R¹⁶ R¹⁹ R²⁰ R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 228 CH O H Me (R) H H OMe Cl H 229 CH O H Me (S) H Me H Me H + + 230 CH O H Me (R) H Me H Me H − + 231 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H − − 232 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H + − 233 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H 234 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H 235 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H 236 CH O H H H H H

H + + 237 CH O H CH₂CH₂OH H H H

H + + 238 CH O H CH₂CH₂OH H H H

H + + 239 CH O H H H H H

H − + 240 CH O H Me (S) H H H

H + − 241 CH O H Me (R) H H H

H 242 CH O H Me (S) H H H

H 243 CH S H H H H H

H 244 CH S H H H OMe H OMe H 245 CH S H H H H OMe Cl H 246 CH S Me H H H H

H 247 CH S Me H H OMe H OMe H 248 CH O H H H H H C(S)NH₂ H 249 CH O H CH₂CH₂OH H H H C(S)NH₂ H 250 CH S(O)₂ H Me H OMe H OMe H + + 251 CH S(O)₂ H Me H Me H Me H + + 252 CH S(O)₂ H Me H OMe OMe OMe H 253 CH O H H H H H

H 254 CH O H H H H H OH H + 255 CH O Me H H H H OH H 256 CH O H Me H H H

H + 257 CH O H Me (S) H Cl OMe Cl H 258 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe Cl H 259 CH O H CH₂CH₂OH H OMe H OMe H 260 CH O H CH₂CH₂OH H Cl OMe H H 261 CH O H Me (S) H OMe H OMe H 262 CH O H Me (R) H OMe H OMe H 263 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me OMe H OMe H − − 264 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me Me H Me H − + 265 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H + + 266 CH S H Me H OMe H OMe 267 CH S H Me H Me H Me H 268 CH S H Me H OMe OMe OMe H 269 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me H H

H 270 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me H OMe Cl H 271 CH S H Me H H H

H 272 CH S H Me H H OMe Cl H 273 CH S H H H H H OH H 274 CH S H Me H H H OH H 275 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me H H OH H 276 CH S(O)₂ H Me H H H OH H 277 CH S(O)₂ H Me H H H

H 278 CH S(O)₂ H Me H H OMe Cl H 279 CH S H H H OMe OMe OMe H 280 CH S H Me Me H OMe Cl H 281 CH S H Me Me OMe H OMe H 282 CH S H Me Me Me H Me H 283 CH S H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 284 CH S H Me Me H H CH H 285 CH S H Me Me H H

H 286 CH S(O)₂ H Me H H OMe F H 287 CH S(O)₂ H Me Me H OMe F H + + 288 CH S H Me H H OMe F H + + 289 CH S H Me Me H OMe F H + + 290 CH S H H H H OMe F H + + 291 CH S H H H Me O Me H − + 292 CH S(O)₂ H H H Me O Me H 293 CH S(O)₂ H H H OMe H OMe H 294 CH S(O)₂ H H H H OMe Cl H 295 CH S(O)₂ H H H H H

H 296 CH S(O)₂ H H H OMe OMe OMe H 297 CH S(O)₂ H H H H H OH H 298 CH S(O)₂ H H H H OMe F H 299 CH O Me H H H H

H + − 300 CH O H Me (S) H H H

H + 301 CH O H Me (R) H H H

H 302 CH O H Me (S) H Cl OMe H H 303 CH O H Me (R) H Cl OMe H H 304 CH O H Me Me OMe Me Me H 305 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H + 306 CH O H Me Me Cl Me Cl H + + 307 CH O H Me Me Cl OMe Cl H + 308 CH O H Me Me Cl H Cl H 309 CH O H Me Me OMe H CF₃ H + 310 CH O H Me Me Me H Me H + 311 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H + 312 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H + 313 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H + 314 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H + 315 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe H 316 CH O H Me Me Me H Me H 317 CH O H Me Me Me H Me H 318 CH O H Me Me H OMe Cl H 319 CH O H Me Me Me Cl Me H 320 CH O H Me Me CH₂OH H CH₂OH H + + 321 CH O H Me Me Cl H OMe H + + 322 CH O H Me Me H OMe Cl H 323 CH O H Me Me OMe H OMe Me + + 324 CH O Me Me Me Me H Me Me + − 325 CH O Me Me Me H OMe Cl Me + + 326 CH O Me Me Me OMe H OMe Me + + 327 CH O H Me Me H OMe Cl Me + + 328 CH O Me Me Me Me H Me H 329 CH O Me Me Me OMe H OMe H 330 CH O H Me Me H C(O)NHMe Cl H 331 CH O H Me Me H S(O)₂NHMe OMe H 332 CH O H Me Me H H

H 333 CH O H Me Me C(O)OMe H

H − − 334 CH O H Me Me CF₃ H

H + − 335 N O H Me Me Me OMe Me H 336 N O H Me Me Me OMe Me H 337 N O H Me Me Me OMe Me H 338 CH O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H + + 339 CH O H Me Me Me

Me H + + 340 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 341 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 342 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 343 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 344 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 345 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 346 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 347 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 348 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 349 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 350 N O H Me Me Me Cl Me H 351 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 352 N O H Me Me Cl OH Cl H + + 353 N O Me Me Me OMe OMe OMe H 354 N O H Me Me OMe

OMe H + + 355 CH O H Me Me H H

H + + 356 CH O H Me Me H H OH H + − 357 N O H Me Me H H

H 358 CH O H Me Me Me OH Cl H + 359 CH O H Me Me Me OMe Cl H + + 360 N O H Me Me H H

H 361 N O H Me Me H H

H 362 N O H Me Me H OMe Cl H 363 N O H Me Me OMe H OMe H 364 N O H Me Me H Cl Cl H 365 (HCl salt) N O H Me Me H H

H 366 (bis HCl salt) N O H Me Me H H

H 367 (nitrate salt) N O H Me Me H H

H 368 (bis nitrate salt) N O H Me Me H H

H 369 (mesylate salt) N O H Me Me H H

H 370 N O H Me Me H H

H 371 N O H Me Me H H t-butyl H + + 372 N O H Me Me H H OH H 373 N O H Me Me H H

H 374 N O H Me Me H OMe F H − − 375 N O H Me Me H H Cl H − − 376 N O H Me Me Cl H Cl H + + 377 CH O H Me Me Me OMe Cl H 378 N O H Me Me H OCF₃ Cl H − − 379 N O H Me Me Me OMe Cl H 380 N O H Me Me H H

H 381 N O H Me Me Me OH Cl H 382 N O H Me Me Me OMe Me H − − 383 N O H Me Me H H i-propyl H 384 N O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H + + 385 CH O H Me Me Cl OEt Me H + − 386 N O Me Me Me Me OMe Cl H 387 N O H Me Me Cl OEt Me H − − 388 N O Me Me Me H H

H + + 389 CH O H Me Me Me

Cl H 390 N O Me Me Me H H

H 391 CH O H Me Me H H

H + + 392 N O Me Me Me H H

H 393 CH O H Me Me Me

Cl H 394 CH O Me Me Me H H

H + − 395 CH O H Me Me H H

Me − + 396 CH O H Me Me H H

H 397 CH O Me Me Me H H

Me + + 398 N O H Me Me Me

Cl H − − 399 N O H Me Me H H

H 400 N O H Me Me H H

H 401 CH O Me Me Me H H

Me + + 402 CH O Me Me Me Me OMe Me Me + − 403 CH O Me Me Me Me

Cl Me + − 404 N O Me Me Me Me OMe Me H 405 N O Me Me Me Me

Cl H + + 406 N O H Me Me H H

H 407 CH O H Me Me H H

H + + 408 N O H Me Me Me

Cl H 409 N O H Me Me Me

Me H 410 CH O H Me Me Me i-propoxy Cl H 411 N O H Me Me Me i-propoxy Cl H 412 N O H Me Me Me

Me H 413 N O H Me Me Me

Cl H 414 N O H Me Me Me

Cl H − − 415 N O H Me Me Me

Me H 416 CH O H Me Me H H

H 417 N O H Me Me H C(O)NHMe Cl H 418 N O H H H H H

H 419 N O H H H H

H H 420 N O H H H H

H H 421 N O H H H H Cl Cl H 422 N O H H H H OMe Cl H 423 N O H H H Cl OMe Cl H 424 N O H H H OMe H OMe H 425 N O H H H H OMe F H 426 N O H H H H OMe H H 427 N O H H H H OCF₃ H H 428 N O H H H H OEt H H 429 N O H H H H OBu H 430 N O H H H H

H H 431 N O H H H H O-iPr H H 432 N O H Me Me H

H H 433 N O H H H H OMe OMe H 434 N O H Me Me H

H H 435 N O H H H H

H H + + 436 N O H Me Me H

H H + 437 N O H H H Me H Me M 436 N O H Me Me Me H Me H 439 N O H H H H H i-propyl H − − 440 N O H H H H Me Cl H − − 441 N O H H H CF₃ H OMe H − − 442 N O H H H Cl H Cl H − − 443 N O H H H H H Br H − − 444 N O H H H H H t-butyl H − − 445 N O H H H OMe OMe OMe H 446 N O H H H H F F H − − 447 N O H H H Me OMe Me H 448 N O H H H Me OH Me H + + 449 N O H H H H H

H + + 450 N O H H H H H

H + + 451 N O H H H H

H H − − 452 N O H H H H H

H 453 N O H H H H H

H + + 454 N O H Me Me H H

H − − 455 N O H Me Me H H

H + + 456 N O H Me Me H

H H + + 457 N O H Me Me H H

H 458 N O H Me Me H

H + + 459 N O H Me (S) H H OMe Cl H 460 N O H Me (S) H OMe OMe OMe H 461 N O H Me (S) H Me H Me H 462 CH O H Me (R) H H C(O)NH₂ H H — + 463 CH O H Me (S) H CH₂NHBOC H H H 464 CH O H Me (R) H CH₂NHBOC H H H 465 CH O H Me (S) H CH₂NH₂ H H H 466 CH O H Me (R) H CH₂NH₂ H H H 467 CH O H Me Me H H

H 468 CH O H Me (S) H H H

H 469 CH O H Me (R) H H H

H 470 CH O H Me Me H

H H − − 471 CH O H Me (S) H H

H H + − 472 N O H Me Me H C(O)NH₂ H H + + 473 N → O O H Me Me OMe OMe OMe H + + ^(††)In TABLE 4, compounds having chirality at the carbon labeled with an asterisk (*) that, through substituent R¹⁹, designate a specified stereochemistry were synthesized and tested as the substantially pure enantiomer; compounds that do not designate a specified stereochemistry at this carbon atom were synthesized and, if tested, were tested as the racemate.

TABLE 5

No. m R⁷ R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 474 1 H H

H H − 475 1 H H

H H − 476 0 F H H

H 477 1 H H hexoxy H H − 478 1 H H OEt H H + 479 1 H H butoxy H H − 480 1 H H

H H − 481 1 H H H

H − 482 1 H H H OH H − 483 1 H H OEt H H − 484 1 H H OMe OMe H 485 1 H H F Cl H − 486 1 H H t-butyl H H 487 1 H H F H H − 488 1 H H H F H 489 1 H H Et H H − 490 1 H H

H H − 491 1 H H H

H − + 492 1 H H H

H − 493 1 H H H

H −/+ + 494 1 H H H

H + + 495 1 H H H

H −/+ + 496 1 H H H

H + 497 1 H H H

H + 498 1 H H H

H − 499 1 H H H

H 500 1 H H H

H + 501 1 H H

H H − 502 1 H H

H H − 503 1 F H H

H −/+ 504 1 H H H

H + 505 1 H H Me

H 506 1 H OMe OMe OMe H + 507 1 H CF OH Cl H + 508 1 H H H

H − 509 1 H H H

H − 510 1 H H H

H − 511 1 H H i-propyl H H − 512 1 H OMe H OMe H + + 513 0 F H H Cl H + + 514 1 H H H CF₃ H − 515 1 H H H

H + + 516 1 H H H

H + 517 1 H H H

H 518 1 H H OMe

H 519 1 H H H

H 520 1 H H H

H + 521 1 H Me H OH H + − 522 1 H F H CF₃ H − − 523 1 H Me H CF₃ H − + 524 1 H F H F H − − 525 1 H H OMe Cl H 526 1 H H OCF₂ Cl H + − 527 1 H Me H Me H + 528 1 H Me Cl Me H + 529 1 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH H + + 530 1 H Cl H Cl H + + 531 1 H OMe H CF₃ H − + 532 1 F OMe H OMe H + + 533 1 F Me Cl Me H − + 534 1 F CH₂OH H CH₂OH H + 535 1 F Cl H Cl H + + 536 1 F OMe H CF₃ H + + 537 1 F Me H Me H + + 538 1 F Me H CF₃ H + − 539 1 H Cl H OMe H + + 540 0 H OMe H OMe H 541 0 H OMe H CF₃ H + + 542 0 H Me H CF₃ H − − 543 0 H Cl H Cl H + + 544 0 H Me H Me H − − 545 0 H H H

Me 546 1 H OMe H OMe Me + − 547 1 H Me H Me Me + + 548 1 H H H

Me 549 1 H H H

Me + + 550 1 H H H

H + + 551 1 H H H H + + 552 1 F H H

H + + 553 1 F H

H H + + 554 1 H H C(O)NHMe Cl H + + 555 1 H H C(O)NHMe Cl Me 556 1 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe H 557 1 H H H

H 558 1 H C(O)OMe H

H + + 559 1 H CF₃ H

H + 560 0 F OMe OMe OMe H + + 561 0 F OMe H OMe H + + 562 0 F Me H Me H + + 563 0 F Cl OH Cl H + + 564 0 F Cl H Cl H + + 565 0 F Me Cl Me H − − 566 0 F Me OH Cl H + + 567 0 F OMe H CF₃ H + + 568 0 F Me H CF₃ H − + 569 1 H Me

Me H + + 570 0 H Me

Me H + + 571 1 F H H

H + + 572 1 F H H

Me + + 573 1 H Me

Me Me + + 574 1 F Me

Me Me + + 575 1 F Me

Me H + + 576 1 H H H

H + 577 2 H H

H H 578 2 H H

H H 579 2 H H

H H 580 2 H H H

H − 581 2 H H H

H + 582 2 H H H

H 583 1 H Me OH Cl H 584 1 H Me OMe Me H 585 1 H Me OMe Cl H 586 1 H H H

H − 587 1 H H

H H +

TABLE 6

No. Y¹ Y² Z³ R¹⁷ R¹⁸ R¹⁹ R²⁰ R²¹ R²² R²³ R^(4′) A549 H1299 588 N O CH Me Me H H OMe H OMe H + + 589 N O CH H H H H H H

H + + 590 N O CH Me Me H H H H

H + + 591 N O CH H H H H H H

H + + 592 N O CH Me Me H H H H

H — — 593 N O CH H H H CH₂CH₂OH OMe H OMe H 594 N O CH H H H CH₂CH₂OH Me H Me H 595 N S CH H H H H H H

H 596 N O CH H H Me Me H H

H 597 N O CH H H Me Me Me OMe Cl H + + 598 N O CH H H Me Me OMe H OMe H 599 N O N H H Me Me H H

H 600 N O N H H H H H H

H 601 N O N H H H H H

H H 602 N O N H H H H H H

H 603 N O N H H H H H

H H + + 604 N O N H H H H H

H H − + 605 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 606 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 607 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 608 N O N H H H H H

H H + + 609 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 610 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 611 N O N H H H H OMe OMe OMe H + + 612 N O N H H H H H OMe Cl H − − 613 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 614 N O N H H H H H H

H + + 615 N O N H H H H H

Cl H + + 616 N O N H H H H H

Me H + +

TABLE 7 Type A Type B

No. Type R^(4′) R⁴ Y R¹¹ A549 HTC116 H1299 617 A H

NH OEt − 618 A H

NH OEt + 619 A H

O OMe − 620 A H

O OMe 621 A H

NH OH − 622 A H

O OH − 623 A H

O OMe − 624 A H

O

− 625 A H

O

+ + 626 A H

O

−/+ + 627 A H

O NHMe − 628 A H

O NHMe − 629 A H

O NHMe + + 630 A H

O NH(CH₂)₂OH − 631 A H

O NH(CH₂)₂OH + + 632 A H

O

+ + 633 A H

O

+ + 634 A H

O

+ − 635 A H

O

+ 636 A H

O OMe + − 637 A H

NH OEt 638 A H

O OMe − 639 A H

O OH − 640 A H

O

− 641 A H

O OMe − 642 A H

O NHMe + 643 A H

O N(Me)₂ − 644 A H

O

+ + 645 A H

O

+ + 646 B H

NH OEt + + + 647 B H

NH OEt + + 648 B H

NH OEt + + 649 B H

NH NHMe + + 650 A H

O OMe 651 A H

O OMe − 652 A H

O OMe − 653 B H

NH NHMe + + 654 B H

NH NHMe + + 655 B H

NH NHMe + + 656 A H

O OMe − − 657 A H

O OH − − 658 A H

NH Me − + 659 B H

NH N(Me)CH₂CH₂OH + + + 660 B H

NH NHC(Me)₂CH₂OH + + + 661 B Me

O OMe − − 662 A Me

O OMe − + 663 B Me

NH NHMe + + 664 B H

NH OEt + + 665 B H

NH NHMe + + 666 B Me

NH OEt + + 667 B H CH₂CH₂OH NH OEt − − − 668 B H

NH NHMe − + 669 B H

NH NHMe + + 670 B H

NH NHMe − − 671 A Me

O OMe − − 672 A Me

O OMe − − 673 A H

O OMe 674 A H

O OMe 675 A H

O NHMe − 676 A H

O OMe + 677 A H

O OMe + − 678 B H

NH OEt − −

TABLE 8

No. R^(4′) R²¹ R²² R²³ 679 H Cl H H 680 H Me Me H 681 H H H Br 682 H Cl H H 683 H Me Me H 684 H H Cl H 685 H H OEt H 686 H H OMe H 687 H H H H 688 H Me H H 689 H H Br H 690 H H H H 691 H H H Br 692 H Me H H 693 H H H

694 H H

695 H H H

696 H H H

697 H H H

698 H H H

699 H H H

700 H H H Me 701 H H CF₃ H 702 H H OMe H 703 H H CF₃ F 704 H H OEt H 705 H H H OCF₃ 706 H H Cl CF₃ 707 H H H OEt 708 H H H OMe 709 H H OMe OMe 710 H H OMe OMe 711 H H H OH 712 H H OMe OMe 713 H H OEt H 714 H H H OH 715 H H H OH 716 H H Cl H 717 H H H Cl 718 H H t-butyl H 719 H H F Cl 720 H H F H 721 H H Me H 722 H H Et H 723 H H

H 724 H H H

725 H H OMe OH 726 H H Me OH 727 H H

H 728 H H

H 729 H H

H 730 H H OH H 731 H H OH Me 732 H H H

733 H H

H 734 H H

H 735 H H

H 736 H H

H 737 H H

H 738 H H

H 739 H H

H 740 H H OH Cl 741 H H

Cl 742 H H OH F 743 H OMe OMe OMe 744 H H

H 745 H H i-propoxy H 746 H H H OH 747 H H

H 748 H H H

749 H H H

750 H H H

751 H H H

752 H H H

753 H H H

754 H H H

755 H H H

756 H H H

757 H H Me

758 H H Me

759 H H Me

760 H OMe OMe OMe 761 H H H

762 H H H

763 H H H OH 764 H H i-pr H 765 H OMe H OMe 766 H H H

767 H H H

768 H H H OH 769 H OMe H OMe 770 H H H

771 H OMe H OMe 772 H H H

773 H H OMe 774 H H H

775 H H H

776 H H H

777 H H H

778 H H H

779 H H H

780 H H H

781 H H OCF₃ Cl 782 H Br H CF₃ 783 H H H

784 H H H

785 H H H

786 H H H OH 787 H Cl OH Me 788 H H H

789 H H H

790 H H H

791 H H H

792 H H H

793 H H H

794 H H H

795 H

H

796 H OH H

797 H OH H

798 H

H

799 H H H OH 800 H H OMe Cl 801 H Me OH Cl 802 H Me OMe Cl 803 H H H

804 H H H

805 H OMe H OMe 806 H CF₃ H OMe 807 H H H

808 H Cl H Cl 809 H Me H Me 810 H CF₃ H OMe 811 H Me Me Me 812 H OMe H OMe 813 H Me H Me 814 H OMe H OMe 815 H OMe H CF₃ 816 H Me H CF₃ 817 H Me H Me 818 H OMe H OMe 819 H CF₃ H OMe 820 H Me H CF₃ 821 H OMe OMe OMe 822 H Me OH Cl 823 H Cl H Cl 824 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH 825 H Me Cl Me 826 H H H

827 H H H

828 H Cl OH Cl 829 H Cl OH Cl 830 H H H

831 H Cl OMe Cl 832 H Cl OMe Cl 833 H H H

834 H Cl OMe Cl 835 H OMe H OMe 836 H OMe H OMe 837 H OMe H OMe 838 H Me H Me 839 H OMe H OMe 840 H OMe H OMe 841 H Me H Me 842 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH 843 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH 844 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH 845 H Me Me Me 846 H Me H Me 847 H Cl H Cl 848 H Me H CF₃ 849 H OMe H CF₃ 850 Me H H

851 Me Me H Me 852 Me OMe H OMe 853 Me H OMe Cl 854 Me H Cl OMe 855 H Me H Me 856 H OMe H OMe 857 H H H

858 H H H

859 H H H

860 H H OMe Cl 861 H H H

862 H H H

863 H H

H 864 Me Me H Me 865 Me OMe H OMe 866 H H

H 867 Me H H

868 Me H H

869 Me H

H 870 Me H H

871 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 872 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 873 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 874 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 875 Me H C(O)NHMe Cl 876 H OMe H OMe 877 H Me H Me 878 H H H

879 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe 880 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe 881 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe 882 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe 883 H H S(O)₂NHMe OMe 884 H OMe H OMe 885 H H H

886 H H H

887 H C(O)OMe H

888 H C(O)Me H

889 H CF₃ H

890 H H H

891 H

H

892 H CF₃ H

893 H Cl OH Cl 894 H H

Me 895 H OMe OMe OMe 896 H Me Cl Cl 897 H CH₂OH H CH₂OH 898 H Cl H Cl 899 H Cl Cl Cl 900 H Me Cl Me 901 H Me

Me 902 H Me

Me 903 Me OMe H OMe 904 Me Me OMe Cl 905 Me Me

Me 906 Me H H

907 Me H Me H 908 Me OMe H OMe 909 Me Me H Me 910 Me H H

911 Me OMe H OMe 912 Me Me H Me 913 Me H H

914 Me H H

915 H Me H Me 916 H OMe H OMe 917 H H OMe Cl 918 H Me Cl Me 919 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 920 H H C(O)NHMe Cl 921 Me H C(O)NHMe Cl 922 H Me H Me 923 H OMe H OMe 924 H H OMe Cl 925 H Me Cl Me 926 H Me H Me 927 H OMe H OMe 928 H OMe Cl H 929 H Me Cl Me 930 H H Cl OMe 931 H Me

Me 932 H H H

933 H H H

934 H H

H 935 H H H

936 H H

H 937 H H

H 938 H H F Cl 939 H H H OH 940 H H H

941 H Cl OH Cl 942 H Me OH Cl 943 H Cl OH Me 944 H H H OH 945 H H OMe OMe 946 H Me OH Cl 947 H H H

948 H H H

949 H H H

950 H H H

951 H H H t-Bu 952 H H H

953 H H H t-Bu 954 H H H

955 H H H t-Bu 956 H H H t-Bu 957 H H H

958 H H H

959 H Me OH Cl 960 H H H

961 H H H

962 H H H

963 H H H

964 H H H OEt 965 H H H

966 H H H

967 H H H

968 H H H i-pr 969 H H OMe OMe 970 H H H

971 H H

H 972 H H

H 973 H H

H 974 H H H OH 975 H H

H 976 H H H

977 H H H

978 H H H

979 H H H

980 H H H

981 H H H

982 H H H

983 H H H

984 H H H

985 H H H

986 H H H

987 H H H

988 H H H

989 H H H

990 H H H

991 H H H

992 H H H

993 H H H

994 H H H

995 H H H

996 H H OH CF₃ 997 H H H Me 998 H H Me H 999 H H H

1000  H H H

1001  H H H

1002  H H H

1003  H H H

1004  H H H

1005  H H H

1006  H H H

1007  Me Me H Me 1008  Me H OMe Cl 1009  Me OMe H OMe 1010  Me Cl OMe Cl 1011  Me H OCF₃ Cl 1012  H H CH₂NHBoc H 1013  H H CH₂NH₂ H 1014  H H

H 1015  H H H CH₂NHBoc 1016  H H H CH₂NHBoc 1017  H H H CH₂NHBoc 1018  H H H CH₂NHBoc 1019  H H

H 1020  Me H

H 1021  H H

H 1022  H H C(O)NH₂ H 1023  H H CH₂NHBoc H 1024  H H CH₂NHBoc H 1025  H H

H 1026  H H H OH 1027  H Cl OH Cl 1028  H H OMe Cl 1029  H H C(O)NH₂ H 1030  Me H C(O)NH₂ H 1031  Me H

H 1032  H H C(O)NH₂ H 1033  H H C(O)NH₂ Cl 1034  H H C(O)NH₂ Cl 1035  H H

H 1036  H H C(O)NH₂ H No. R³¹ R³² R³³ A549 H1299 679 Cl H H 680 Me Me H 681 H H Br 682 Cl H H 683 Me Me H 684 H Cl H 685 H OEt H 686 H OMe H 687 H H H 688 Me H H 689 H Br H 690 H H H 691 H H Br 692 Me H H 693 H H OH + 694 H H

+ + 695 H F F 696 H Cl H 697 H Cl Cl + + 698 H H OCF₃ 699 H OCF₃ Cl + 700 H OCF₃ Cl 701 H CF₃ H − − 702 H OMe H + + 703 H CF₃ F − 704 H OEt H + + 705 H H OCF₃ − 706 H Cl CF₃ − 707 H H OEt + 708 H H OMe + 709 H OEt H − 710 H OMe OMe + 711 H H H + 712 H H H − 713 H OMe OMe + + 714 H OEt H − 715 H OMe OMe + 716 H Cl H − 717 H H Cl + 718 H t-butyl H − − 719 H F Cl − − 720 H F H + − 721 H Me H − − 722 H Et H − 723 H

H + 724 H H

− + 725 H OMe OH + 726 H Me OH 727 H

H 728 H H OH 729 H H OH − 730 H OH H + 731 H OH Me − 732 H H OH + 733 H

H − 734 H

H − 735 H

H 736 H H Cl − 737 H

H − 738 H

H − 739 H

H − 740 H OH Cl 741 H Cl 742 H OH F 743 OMe OMe OMe − 744 H H OH + 745 H i-propoxy H − 746 H

H − 747 H t-Bu H − 748 H t-Bu H − 749 H t-Bu H − 750 H t-Bu H − 751 H i-propoxy H −/+ 752 H i-propoxy H − 753 H OMe OMe − 754 H OMe OMe − 755 H H OMe + 756 H Me OH 757 H H OH 758 H Me OH 759 H Me

+ + 760 H H OH − 761 H H OH 762 H H OH − 763 H H

− + 764 H H OH − 765 H H OH + 766 OMe H OMe − + 767 OMe H OMe − 768 OMe H OMe + + 769 H H

− − 770 H H CF₃ + 771 H H

+ 772 H OEt H + + 773 H H OH 774 H H OH 775 H H Cl 776 CF₃ H OMe 777 H OMe OH 778 H OMe CF₃ 779 H F CF₃ 780 H Me Cl 781 H H OH + + 782 H H OH 783 H OCF₃ H 784 H CF₃ H 785 H Cl CF₃ 786 H H OCF₃ 787 H H OH 788 H OMe Cl + 789 H OMe F 790 H Me OMe + 791 H H

+ + 792 H H + + 793 H Me CF₃ 794 H F Me 795 H H OH 796 H H OH 797 H H OH + − 798 H H OH − − 799 H OMe Cl 800 H OMe Cl + − 801 H OMe Cl 802 H OMe Cl − − 803 H O-iPr Cl 804 H OMe Cl 805 H

Cl 806 H

Cl + + 807 H OMe Cl 808 H OMe Cl + + 809 H OMe Cl 810 H OMe Cl + − 811 H OMe Cl + − 812 H H OCF₃ + + 813 H H OCF₃ − − 814 Me H Me + + 815 Me H Me + + 816 Me H Me + +/− 817 CF₃ H OMe + + 818 CF₃ H OMe + + 819 CF₃ H OMe + + 820 CF₃ H OMe +/− + 821 CF₃ H OMe + + 822 CF₃ H OMe + + 823 CF₃ H OMe + + 824 CF₃ H OMe + −/+ 825 CF₃ H OMe + + 826 H Cl OMe 827 H

Cl 828 H OMe Cl + + 829 H OCF₃ Cl + + 830 H

Cl 831 H OMe Cl − − 832 H OCF₃ Cl + − 833 Cl OMe Cl 834 H Cl Cl + + 835 H Cl Cl + + 836 H OMe Cl 837 H OCF₃ Cl 838 H Cl Cl + − 839 OMe H OMe + 840 OMe H OMe + + 841 Me H Me + + 842 OMe H OMe + + 843 H OMe Cl + + 844 H Cl Cl + + 845 OMe H OMe + + 846 OMe H OMe + + 847 OMe H OMe + 848 OMe H OMe + 849 OMe H OMe + + 850 OMe H OMe − − 851 OMe H OMe + + 852 OMe H OMe + + 853 OMe H OMe − − 854 OMe H OMe − − 855 OMe H OMe + + 856 H OMe OMe + + 857 H OMe OMe 858 H OMe OMe + + 859 H OMe OMe + + 860 H OMe OMe 861 OMe H OMe + + 862 H OMe OMe + + 863 H OMe OMe + + 864 H OMe OMe + + 865 H OMe OMe + + 866 OMe H OMe + + 867 H OMe OMe − + 868 H OMe OMe + + 869 H OMe OMe + + 870 H OMe OMe − − 871 H OMe OMe + + 872 OMe H OMe + + 873 H OMe Cl 874 H H OH 875 H OMe OMe + + 876 H C(O)NHMe Cl 877 H C(O)NHMe Cl 878 H C(O)NHMe Cl 879 H OMe OMe + + 880 OMe H OMe + + 881 H Cl CF₃ 882 H OCF₃ Cl 883 H H Cl 884 H S(O)₂NHMe OMe + + 885 H H OH + + 886 H OMe OMe + + 887 H OMe OMe + + 888 H H OH + + 889 H OMe OMe + + 890 H H OH + + 891

H

− − 892 CF₃ H

+ + 893 Cl OMe Cl 894 H

Me + + 895 Me H Me + + 896 Me H Me + + 897 Me H Me + + 898 Me H Me − − 899 Me H Me + + 900 Me H Me − − 901 H OMe Cl 902 OMe H OMe + + 903 H OMe Cl + + 904 H OMe Cl − − 905 H OMe Cl + + 906 H OMe Cl + + 907 H OMe Cl − + 908 H Cl OMe 909 H Cl OMe + + 910 H Cl OMe + − 911 Me Cl Me 912 Me Cl Me − − 913 Me Cl Me + + 914 Me Cl Me − − 915 H

Cl 916 H

Cl 917 H

Cl + + 918 H

Cl 919 H Cl OMe 920 H Cl CF₃ 921 Me Cl Me + + 922 H

Cl 923 H

Cl 924 H

Cl 925 H

Cl 926 H

Cl 927 H

Cl 928 H

Cl 929 H

Cl 930 H

Cl 931 OMe H OMe + + 932 OMe OMe OMe + + 933 OH OH

+ + 934 H H OH + 935 H i-pr H − 936 H i-pr H − 937 H i-pr H + 938 H F Cl − 939 H H

− 940 OMe H OMe + + 941 Cl OH Cl − 942 Me OH Cl + + 943 H H OH + 944 Cl OH Me 945 H

Me + + 946 H

H 947 Me OH Me − + 948 Me OH Me − 949 Me OH Me + + 950 Me OH Me + + 951 H H OH − 952 Cl OH Me − + 953 H OMe OMe − 954 Cl OH Me − 955 H H

− − 956 H H

− 957 Cl OH Me + 958 H H t-Bu − − 959 H H t-Bu − 960 H H t-Bu − 961 H H t-Bu −/+ 962 H H t-Bu − − 963 H H t-Bu − 964 H H i-pr − 965 H H i-pr − 966 H H i-pr + 967 H CH₂OH CH₂OH − 968 H H i-pr − + 969 H H OH + + 970 H H CH₂NH₂ + + 971 H

H − 972 H

H 973 H

H − 974 H

H + + 975 H H OH 976 H H OH − 977 H i-propoxy H − 978 H H OH − 979 Me OH Me − + 980 Me OH Me + 981 Me OH Me + 982 Me OH Me − 983 Cl OH Me + 984 Cl OH Me + 985 Me OMe Me − 986 Me OMe Me − 987 Me OMe Me − 988 H

H + + 989 H

H + + 990 H

H + + 991 Me OH Cl + 992 H

H − − 993 H

H + + 994 H H

995 H H

+ + 996 H OH CF₃ −/+ 997 H H Me + 998 H Me H − 999 Cl OH Cl − − 1000  Cl OH Cl 1001  Cl OH Cl − − 1002  H

H − 1003  H

H − 1004  H OH H − 1005  H OMe CH₂OH 1006  H Cl Cl + + 1007  H Cl Cl − − 1008  H Cl Cl 1009  H Cl Cl − − 1010  H Cl Cl 1011  H Cl Cl 1012  H CH₂NHBoc H + + 1013  H CH₂NH₂ H + + 1014  H Cl Cl 1015  H H CH₂NHBoc + + 1016  H H CH₂NHBoc + + 1017  H Cl Cl 1018  H Cl Cl 1019  H Cl Cl 1020  H Cl Cl 1021  H OMe Cl + + 1022  H OMe Cl + + 1023  H OMe Cl + + 1024  H OMe Cl + + 1025  H OMe Cl − + 1026  H C(O)NH₂ H − + 1027  H C(O)NH₂ H + + 1028  H C(O)NH₂ H + + 1029  H C(O)NH₂ H − − 1030  H Cl C + + 1031  H Cl Cl + + 1032  H Cl OMe − − 1033  H OMe Cl + + 1034  H Cl OMe − + 1035  H Cl OMe + + 1036  H H H + +

TABLE 9

No. R^(4′) R^(2′) R² A549 H1299 1037 H H CH₂CH═CH₂ − 1038 Me H Me + + 1039 Me Me Me + + 1040 Me H CH₂CH₂OH + + 1041 Me H i-propyl + + 1042 Me CH₂CH₂OH CH₂CH₂OH − + 1043 Me H CH₂CH═CH₂ + + 1044 H H Me − −

TABLE 10

No. R^(4′) R⁴⁰ R⁴¹ R⁴² A549 H1299 1045 H H OMe OMe − 1046 H H OMe Me + + 1047 H OMe H Me + + 1048 H Me H F + + 1049 H OMe Cl OMe + +

TABLE 11

No. R²¹ R²² R²³ A549 H1299 1050 Me OMe Me + + 1051 H OMe F + + 1052 Me H Me + + 1053 OMe H OMe + + 1054 H H

+ + 1055 H H

− − 1056 H

H − − 1057 H

H − − 1058 H

H − − 1059 H H

− −

TABLE 12

No. R^(13a) R^(13b) R¹⁹ R²⁰ A549 H1299 1060 Me OH Me Me + + 1061 Me OMe Me Me + + 1062 Me OMe H H + + 1063 Me OH H H + + 1064 Me OH Me Me + + 1065 Me OMe Me Me + −

TABLE 13 Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

No. Type R¹⁶ R³¹ R³² R³³ A549 H1299 1066 B ethyl H OMe Cl 1067 B ethyl H Cl Cl 1068 B ethyl — — — 1069 B ethyl H F OMe 1070 A ethyl H OMe Cl 1071 A ethyl H Cl Cl 1072 C ethyl — — — 1073 A ethyl H F OMe 1074 B n-propyl H OMe Cl + + 1075 B n-propyl H Cl Cl − − 1076 D n-propyl — — — + + 1077 A n-propyl H F OMe + + 1078 B n-propyl H OMe Cl + + 1079 B n-propyl H Cl Cl + + 1080 C n-propyl — — — + + 1081 A n-propyl H F OMe + + 1082 B n-butyl H OMe Cl + − 1083 B n-butyi H Cl Cl + + 1084 D n-butyl — — — + + 1085 B n-butyl H F OMe + + 1086 A n-butyl H OMe Cl + + 1087 A n-butyl H Cl Cl + + 1088 C n-butyl — — — + + 1089 A n-butyl H F OMe + + 1090 B

H OMe Cl + + 1091 B

H Cl Cl − − 1092 D

— — — + + 1093 B

H F OMe + + 1094 A

H OMe Cl + + 1095 A

H Cl Cl + + 1096 C

— — — + + 1097 A

H F OMe − + 1098 B

H OMe Cl − + 1099 B

H Cl Cl + + 1100 D

— — — + + 1101 B

H F OMe + + 1102 A

H OMe Cl + + 1103 A

H Cl Cl ° − 1104 C

— — — + + 1105 A

H F OMe + + 1106 B

H OMe Cl + + 1107 B

H Cl Cl − − 1108 D

— — — + + 1109 B

H F OMe + + 1110 A

H OMe Cl + + 1111 A

H Cl Cl + + 1112 C

— — — + + 1113 A

H F OMe + + 1114 B

H OMe Cl 1115 B

H Cl Cl + + 1116 D

— — — 1117 8

H F OMe + + 1118 A

H OMe Cl + + 1119 A

H Cl Cl + + 1120 C

— — — 1121 A

H F OMe + + 1122 C methyl — — — 1123 C methyl — — — 1124 C methyl — — — 1125 C methyl — — — 1126 C methyl — — — 1127 B i-propyl H OMe Cl 1128 B i-propyl H Cl Cl 1129 D i-propyl — — — 1130 B i-propyl H F OMe 1131 A i-propyl H OMe Cl 1132 A i-propyl H Cl Cl 1133 C i-propyl — — — 1134 C methyl — — — 1135 C H — — — 1136 C H — — — 1137 C ethyl — — — 1138 C i-propyl — — —

TABLE 14 No. Structure A549 H1299 1139

+ − 1140

− − 1141

− − 1142

+ − 1143

1144

1145

+ + 1146

+ − 1147

+ + 1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

+ + 1159

+ + 1160

+ + 1161

+ 1162

+ + 1163

+ + 1164

+ +

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds described herein may include functional groups that can be masked with progroups to create prodrugs. Such prodrugs are usually, but need not be, pharmacologically inactive until converted into their active drug form. For example, ester groups commonly undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to yield the parent carboxylic acid when exposed to the acidic conditions of the stomach, or base-catalyzed hydrolysis when exposed to the basic conditions of the intestine or blood. Thus, when administered to a subject orally, 2,4-pyimidinediamines that include ester moieties may be considered prodrugs of their corresponding carboxylic acid, regardless of whether the ester form is pharmacologically active.

In the prodrugs of the invention, any available functional moiety may be masked with a progroup to yield a prodrug. Functional groups within the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds that may be masked with progroups for inclusion in a promoiety include, but are not limited to, amines (primary and secondary), hydroxyls, sulfanyls (thiols), carboxyls, etc. Myriad progroups suitable for masking such functional groups to yield promoieties that are cleavable under the desired conditions of use are known in the art. All of these progroups, alone or in combinations, may be included in the prodrugs of the invention.

In one illustrative embodiment, the prodrugs are compounds according to structural formulae (I)-(VI) in which R^(a)R^(b) and R^(c) may be, in addition to their previously-defined alternatives, a progroup.

In another illustrative embodiment, the prodrugs are compounds according to structural formulae (I)-(VI) in which R²′ and R⁴′ are each, independently of one another, a progroup. Specific examples of progroups according to this embodiment of the invention include, but are not limited to, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)NHR^(h) and —S(O)₂R^(h), where R^(h) is selected from the group consisting of lower alyl, (C5-C15) aryl and (C3-C8) cycloalkyl.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that many of the compounds and prodrugs described herein, as well as the various compound species specifically described and/or illustrated herein, may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism, conformational isomerism, geometric isomerism and/or optical isomerism. For example, the compounds and prodrugs may include one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and as a consequence may exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers and diasteromers and mixtures thereof, such as racemic mixtures. As another example, the compounds and prodrugs may exist in several tautomeric forms, including the enol form, the keto form and mixtures thereof. As the various compound names, formulae and compound drawings within the specification and claims can represent only one of the possible tautomeric, conformational isomeric, optical isomeric or geometric isomeric forms, it should be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric, conformational isomeric, optical isomeric and/or geometric isomeric forms of the compounds or prodrugs having one or more of the utilities described herein, as well as mixtures of these various different isomeric forms. In cases of limited rotation around the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine core structure, atrop isomers are also possible and are also specifically included in the compounds and/or prodrugs of the invention.

Depending upon the nature of the various substituents, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs may be in the form of salts. Such salts include salts suitable for pharmaceutical uses (“pharmaceutically-acceptable salts”), salts suitable for veterinary uses, etc. Such salts may be derived from acids or bases, as is well-known in the art.

In some embodiments, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Generally, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those salts that retain substantially one or more of the desired pharmacological activities of the parent compound and which are suitable for administration to humans. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids or organic acids. Inorganic acids suitable for forming pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, by way of example and not limitation, hydrohalide acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic, etc.), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Organic acids suitable for forming pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, by way of example and not limitation, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, palmitic acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, alkylsulfonic acids (e.g., methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, etc.), arylsulfonic acids (e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, etc.), 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is either replaced by a metal ion (egg, an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion or an aluminum ion) or coordinates with an organic base (e.g., ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, morpholine, piperidine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, etc.).

The 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs, as well as the salts thereof, may also be in the form of hydrates, solvates and N-oxides, as are well-known in the art.

5.3 Methods of Synthesis

The 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs may be synthesized via a variety of different synthetic routes using commercially available starting materials and/or starting materials prepared by conventional synthetic methods. Suitable exemplary methods that may be routinely adapted to synthesize the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,935, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples describing the synthesis of numerous 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs, as well as intermediates therefor, are described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/355,543, filed Jan. 31, 2003 (US 2004-0029902 published Feb. 12, 2004), WO 03/63794, copending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/631,029, filed Jul. 29, 2003, WO 2004/014312, copending application Ser. No. ______, filed Jul. 30, 2004 (identified by attorney docket no, 28575/US/US/US) and international application no. ______, filed Jul. 30, 2004 (identified by attorney docket no. 28575/US/US/PCT), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, All of the compounds described herein (including prodrugs) can be prepared according to, or by routine adaptation of, these various methods.

A variety of exemplary synthetic routes that can be used to synthesize the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and prodrugs are described in Schemes (I)-(XI), below. In Schemes (I)-(XI), like-numbered compounds have similar structures. These methods may be routinely adapted to synthesize the corresponding N2- and/or N4-alkylated compounds and prodrugs, as illustrated in Scheme (XII).

In one exemplary embodiment, the compounds can be synthesized from substituted or unsubstituted uracils or thiouracils as illustrated in Scheme (I), below:

In Scheme (I), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹ and L² are as previously defined for structural formulae (I), X is a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br or I) and G and G′ are each, independently of one another, selected from the group consisting of O and S. Referring to Scheme (I), uracil or thiouracil 2 is dihalogenated at the 2- and 4-positions using standard halogenating agent POX₃ (or other standard halogenating agent) under standard conditions to yield 2,4-bishalo pyrimidine 4, Depending upon the R⁵ substituent, in pyrimidine 4, the halide at the C4 position is more reactive towards nucleophiles than the halide at the C2 position. This differential reactivity can be exploited to synthesize 2,4-pyrimidinediamines according structural formulae (I by first reacting 2,4-bishalopyrimidine 4 with one equivalent of amine 10, yielding 4N-substituted-2-halo-4-pyiimidineamine 8, followed by amine 6 to yield a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according structural formulae (U) 2N,4N-bis(substituted)-2,4-pyrimidinediamines 12 and 14 can be obtained by reacting 2,4-bishalopyrimidine 4 with excess 6 or 10, respectivel.

In most situations, the C4 halide is more reactive towards nucleophiles, as illustrated in the Scheme, However, as will be recognized by skilled artisans, the identity of the R⁵ substituent may alter this reactivity. For example, when R⁵ is trifluoromethyl, a 50:50 mixture of 4N-substituted-4-pyrimidineamine 8 and the corresponding 2N-substituted-2-pyrimidineamine is obtained Regardless of the identity of the R⁵ substituent, the regioselectivity of the reaction can be controlled by adjusting the solvent and other synthetic conditions (such as temperature), as is well-known in the art.

The reactions depicted in Scheme (1) may proceed more quickly when the reaction mixtures are heated via microwave. When heating in this fashion, the following conditions may be used: heat to 175° C. in ethanol for 5-20 min, in a Smith Reactor (Personal Chemistry) in a sealed tube (at 20 bar pressure).

The uracil or thiouracil 2 starting materials may be purchased from commercial sources or prepared using standard techniques of organic chemistry, Commercially available uracils and thiouracils that can be used as starting materials in Scheme (I) include, by way of example and not limitation, uracil (Aldrich #13,078-8; CAS Registry 66-22-8); 2-thio-uracil (Aldrich #11,558-4; CAS Registry 141-90-2); 2,4-dithiouracil (Aldrich #15,846-1; CAS Registry 2001-93-6); 5-bromouracil (Aldrich #85,247-3; CAS Registry 51-20-7; 5-fluorouracil (Aldrich #85,847-1; CAS Registry 51-21-8); 5-iodouracil (Aldrich #85,785-8; CAS Registry 696-07-1); 5-nitrouracil (Aldrich #85,276-7; CAS Registry 611-08-5); 5-(trifluoromethyl)-uracil (Aldrich #22,327-1; CAS Registry 54-20-6). Additional 5-substituted uracils and/or thiouracils are available from General Intermediates of Canada, Inc., Edmonton, Calif. (www.generalintermediates.com) and/or Interchim, Cedex, France (www.interchim.com), or may be prepared using standard techniques. Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

Amines 6 and 10 may be purchased from commercial sources or, alternatively, may be synthesized utilizing standard techniques. For example, suitable amines may be synthesized from nitro precursors using standard chemistry. Specific exemplary reactions are provided in the Examples section. See also Vogel, 1989, Practical Organic Chemistry, Addison Wesley Longman, Ltd. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Skilled artisans will recognize that in some instances, amines 6 and 10 and/or substituents R⁵ and/or R⁶ on uracil or thiouracil 2 may include functional groups that require protection during synthesis. The exact identity of any protecting group(s) used will depend upon the identity of the functional group being protected, and will be apparent to these of skill in the art. Guidance for selecting appropriate protecting groups, as well as synthetic strategies for their attachment and removal, may be found, for example, in Greene & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3d Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1999) and the references cited therein (hereinafter “Greene & Wuts”).

A specific embodiment of Scheme (1) utilizing 5-fluorouracil (Aldrich #32,937-1) as a starting material is illustrated in Scheme (II), below.

In Scheme (II), R², R⁴, L¹ and L² are as previously defined for Scheme (I). According to Scheme (II), 5-fluorouracil 3 is halogenated with POCl₃ to yield 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine 5, which is then reacted with excess amine 6 or 10 to yield N2,N4-bis substituted 5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 11 or 13, respectively. Alternatively, non-bis-2N,4N-disubstituted-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 9 may be obtained by reacting 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine 5 with one equivalent of amine 10 (to yield 2-chloro-N4-substituted-5-fluoro-4-pyrimidineamine 7) followed by one or more equivalents of amine 6.

In another exemplary embodiment, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds of the invention may be synthesized from substituted or unstibstituted cytosines as illustrated in Schemes (IIa) and (IIb), below:

In Schemes (IIa) and (IIb), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L² and X are as previously defined for Scheme (I) and PG represents a protecting group. Referring to Scheme (IIa), the C4 exocyclic amine of cytosine 20 is first protected with a suitable protecting group PG to yield N4-protected cytosine 22. For specific guidance regarding protecting groups useful in this context, see Vorbrüggen and Ruh-Pohlenz, 2001, Handbook of Nucleoside Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, NY, pp, 1-631 (“Vorbrüggen”). Protected cytosine 22 is halogenated at the C2 position using a standard halogenation reagent under standard conditions to yield 2-chloro-4N-protected-4-pyrimidineamine 24 Reaction with amine 6 followed by deprotection of the C4 exocyclic amine and reaction with amine 10 yields a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I).

Alternatively, referring to Scheme (IIb), cytosine 20 may be reacted with amine 10 or protected amine 21 to yield N4-substituted cytosine 23 or 27, respectively. These substituted cytosines may then be halogenated as previously described, deprotected (in the case of N4-substituted cytosine 27) and reacted with amine 6 to yield a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I).

Commercially-available cytosines that may be used as starting materials in Schemes (IIa) and (IIb) include, but are not limited to, cytosine (Aldrich #14,201-8; CAS Registry 71-30-7); N⁴-acetylcytosine (Aldrich #37,791-0; CAS Registry 14631-20-0); 5-fluorocytosine (Aldrich #27,159-4; CAS Registry 2022-85-7); and 5-(trifluoromethyl)-cytosine. Other suitable cytosines useful as starting materials in Schemes (IIa) are available from General Intermediates of Canada, Inc., Edmonton, Calif. (www.generalintermediates.com) and/or Interchim, Cedex, France (www.interchim.com), or may be prepared using standard techniques, Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

In still another exemplary embodiment, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds may be synthesized from substituted or unsubstituted 2-amino-4-pyrimidinols as illustrated in Scheme (III), below:

In Scheme (III), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L² and X are as previously defined for Scheme (1) and Z is a leaving group as discussed in more detail in connection with Scheme IV, infra, Referring to Scheme (III), 2-amino-4-pyrimidinol 30 is reacted with amine 6 (or optionally protected amine 21) to yield N2-substituted-4-pyrimidinol 32, which is then halogenated as previously described to yield N2-substituted-4-halo-2-pyrimidineamine 34, Optional deprotection (for example if protected amine 21 was used in the first step) followed by reaction with amine 10 affords a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I). Alternatively, pyrimidinol 30 can be reacted with acylating agent 31.

Suitable commercially-available 2-amino-4-pyrimidinols 30 that can be used as starting materials in Scheme (III) are available from General Intermediates of Canada, Inc, Edmonton, Calif. (www.generalintermediates.com) and/or Interchim, Cedex, France (www.interchim.com), or may be prepared using standard techniques. Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

Alternatively, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds may be prepared from substituted or unsubstituted 4-amino-2-pyrimidinols as illustrated in Scheme (IV), below:

In Scheme (IV), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹ and L² awe as previously defined for Scheme (I) and Z represents a leaving group. Referring to Scheme (IV), the C2-hydroxyl of 4-amino-2-pyrimidinol 40 is more reactive towards nucleophiles than the C4-amino such that reaction with amine 6 yields N2-substituted-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 42. Subsequent reaction with compound 44, which includes a good leaving group Z, or amine 10 yields a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I) Compound 44 may include virtually any leaving group that can be displaced by the C4-amino of N2-substituted-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 42, Suitable leaving groups Z include, but are not limited to, halogens, methanesulfonyloxy (mesyloxy; “OMs”), trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy (“OTf”) and p-toluenesulfonyloxy (tosyloxy; “OTs”), benzene sulfonyloxy (“besylate”) and metanitro benzene sulfonyloxy (“nosylate”). Other suitable leaving groups will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

Substituted 4-amino-2-pyrimidinol starting materials may be obtained commercially or synthesized using standard techniques. Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

In still another exemplary embodiment, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds can be prepared from 2-chloro-4-aminopyrimidines or 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidines as illustrated in Scheme (V), below:

In Scheme (V), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L² and X are as defined for Scheme (I) and Z is as defined for Scheme (IV). Referring to Scheme (V), 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine 50 is reacted with amino 10 to yield 4N-substituted-2-pyrimidineamine 52 which, following reaction with compound 31 or amine 6, yields a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I). Alternatively, 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimidine 54 may be reacted with compound 44 followed by amine 6 to yield a compound according to structural formulae (I).

A variety of pyrimidines 50 and 54 suitable for use as starting materials in Scheme (V) are commercially available from General Intermediates of Canada, Inc., Edmonton, Calif. (www.generalintermediates.com) and/or Interchim, Cedex, France (www.interchim.com), or may be prepared using standard techniques Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

Alternatively, 4-chloro-2-pyrimidineamines 50 may be prepared as illustrated in Scheme (Va):

In Scheme (Va), R⁵ and R⁶ are as previously defined for structural formulae (I). In Scheme (Va), dicarbonyl 53 is reacted with guanidine to yield 2-pyrimidineamine 51, Reaction with peracids like m-chloroperbenzoic acid, trifluoroperacetic acid or urea hydrogen peroxide complex yields N-oxide 55, which is then halogenated to give 4-chloro-2-pyrimidineamine 50. The corresponding 4-halo-2-pyrimidineamines may be obtained by using suitable halogenation reagents.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds can be prepared from substituted or unsubstituted uridines as illustrated in Scheme (VI) below:

In Scheme (VI), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L² and X are as previously defined for Scheme (I) and the superscript PG represents a protecting group, as discussed in connection with Scheme (IIb). According to Scheme (VI), uridine 60 has a C4 reactive center such that reaction with amine 10 or protected amine 21 yields N4-substituted cytidine 62 or 64, respectively, Acid-catalyzed deprotection of N4-substituted 62 or 64 (when “PG” represents an acid-labile protecting group) yields N4-substituted cytosine 28, which may be subsequently halogenated at the C2-position and reacted with amine 6 to yield a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I).

Cytidines may also be used as starting materials in an analogous manner, as illustrated in Scheme (VII), below:

In Scheme (VII), R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L² and X are as previously defined in Scheme (I) and the superscript PG represents a protecting group as discussed above. Referring to Scheme (VII, like uridine 60, cytidine 70 has a C4 reactive center such that reaction with anine 10 or protected amine 21 yields N4-substituted cytidine 62 or 64, respectively. These cytidines 62 and 64 are then treated as previously described for Scheme (VI) to yield a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine according to structural formulae (I).

Although Schemes (VI) and (VII) are exemplified with ribosylnucleosides, skilled artisans will appreciate that the corresponding 2′-deoxyribo and 2′,3′-dideoxyribo nucleosides, as well as nucleosides including sugars or sugar analogs other than ribose, would also work.

Numerous uridines and cytidines useful as starting materials in Schemes (VI) and (VII) are known in the art, and include, by way of example and not limitation, 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (Chem, Sources #ABCR F07669; CAS Registry 66,384-66-5); 5-bromouridine (Chem. Sources Int'l 2000; CAS Registry 957-75-5); 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (Aldrich #1-775-6; CAS Registry 54-42-2); 5-fluorouridine (Aldrich #32,937-1; CAS Registry 316-46-1); 5-iodouridine (Aldrich #85,259-7; CAS Registry 1024-99-3); 5-(trifluoromethyl)uridine (Chem. Sources Int'l 2000; CAS Registry 70-00-8); 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (Chem. Sources Int'l 2000; CAS Registry 70-00-8). Additional uridines and cytidines that can be used as starting materials in Schemes (VI) and (VII) are available from General Intermediates of Canada, Inc., Edmonton, Calif. (www.generalintermediates.com) and/or Interchim, Cedex, France (www.interchim.com), or may be prepared using standard techniques. Myriad textbook references teaching suitable synthetic methods are provided infra.

As will be recognized by skilled artisans, certain 2,4-pyrimidinediamines compounds synthesized via the exemplary methods described above, or by other well-known means, may also be utilized as starting materials and/or intermediates to synthesize additional 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds. A specific example is illustrated in Scheme (VIII), below:

In Scheme (VIII), R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L¹, L², Y, R^(a) and R^(c) are as previously defined for structural formulae (I). Each R^(a)′ is independently an R⁵, and may be the same or different from the illustrated R^(a). Referring to Scheme (VIII), carboxylic acid or ester 100 may be converted to amide 104 by reaction with amine 102. In amine 102, R^(a)′ may be the same or different than R^(a) of acid or ester 100. Similarly, carbonate ester 106 may be converted to carbamate 108.

A second specific example is illustrated in Scheme (IX), below:

In Scheme (IX) R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L², Y and R^(c) are as previously defined for structural formulae (I). Referring to Scheme (IX), amide 110 or 116 may be converted to amine 114 or 118, respectively, by borane reduction with borane methylsulfide complex 112. Other suitable reactions for synthesizing 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds from 2,4-pyrimidinediamine starting materials will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

Compounds including alkyl groups at the amine groups at the 2- and/or 4-position of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine ring can be prepared using routine alkylation procedures. An exemplary scheme for selectively methylating the amine group at the 4-position of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine is illustrated in Scheme (XII):

In Scheme (XII), L¹, L², R², R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as previously defined for structural formula (I). The above Scheme can be routinely adapted to synthesize other N-alkylated compounds.

Compounds that are entiomerically or diasteriomerically pure can be synthesized via chiral-specific syntheses utilizing enantiomerically or diasteriomerically pure starting reagents as is known in the art. Alternatively, specified enantiomers, diastereomers and/or mixtures thereof can be isolated utilizing conventional chiral separation techniques.

Although many of the synthetic schemes discussed above do not illustrate the use of protecting groups, skilled artisans will recognize that in some instances certain substituents, such as, for example, R² and/or R⁴, may include functional groups requiring protection. The exact identity of the protecting group used will depend upon, among other things, the identity of the functional group being protected and the reaction conditions used in the particular synthetic scheme, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art Guidance for selecting protecting groups and chemistries for their attachment and removal suitable for a particular application can be found, for example, in Greene & Wuts, supra.

Prodrugs as described herein may be prepared by routine modification of the above-described methods, Alternatively, such prodrugs may be prepared by reacting a suitably protected 2,4-pyrimidinediamine of structural formula (I), (II), (III), (IV) and/or (V) with a suitable progroup. Conditions for carrying out such reactions and for deprotecting the product to yield a prodrugs as described herein are well-known.

Myriad references teaching methods useful for synthesizing pyrimidines generally, as well as starting materials described in Schemes (I)-(IX), are known in the art. For specific guidance, the reader is referred to Brown, D. J., “The Pyrimidines”, in The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Volume 16 (Weissberger, A., Ed.), 1962, Interscience Publishers, (A Division of John Wiley & Sons), New York (“Brown I”); Brown, D. J., “The Pyrimidines”, in The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Volume 16, Supplement I (Weissberger, A. and Taylor, E. C., Ed.), 1970, Wiley-Interscience, (A Division of John Wiley & Sons), New York (Brown II”); Brown, D. J., “The Pyrimidines”, in The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Volume 16, Supplement II (Weissberger, A, and Taylor, E. C., Ed.), 1985, An Interscience Publication (John Wiley & Sons), New York (“Brown III”); Brown, D. J., “The Pyrimidines” in The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Volume 52 (Weissberger, A. and Taylor; E. C., Ed.), 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1-1509 (Brown IV”); Kenner, G. W. and Todd, A., in Heterocyclic Compounds, Volume 6, (Elderfield, R. C., Ed.), 1957, John Wiley, New York, Chapter 7 (pyrimidines); Paquette, L, A., Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1968, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, pp. 1-401 (uracil synthesis pp. 313, 315; pyrimidine synthesis pp. 313-316; amino pyrimidine synthesis pp. 315); Joule, J. A., Mills, K. and Smith, G. F., Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3^(rd) Edition, 1995, Chapman and Hall, London, U-K, pp. 1-516; Vorbrüggen, H. and Ruh-Pohlenz, C., Handbook of Nucleoside Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001, pp. 1-631 (protection of pyrimidines by acylation pp. 90-91; silylation of pyrimidines pp. 91-93); Joule, J. A., Mills, K. and Smith, G. F., Heterocyclic Chemistry, 4^(th) Edition, 2000, Blackwell Science, Ltd, Oxford, UK., pp. 1-589; and Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-9 (Trost, B. M. and Fleming, I., Ed.), 1991, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.

5.4 Activity of the Antiproliferative Compounds

Active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds typically inhibit proliferation of desired cells, such as tumor cells, with an IC₅₀ in the range of about 1 mM or less, as measured in a standard in vitro cellular proliferation assay. Of course, skilled artisans will appreciate that compounds which exhibit lower IC₅₀s, for example on the order of 100 P, 20 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 100 nM, 10 mM, 1 nM, or even lower, may be particularly useful in therapeutic applications. The antiproliferative activity may be cytostatic or it may be cytotoxic. In instances where antiproliferative activity specific to a particular cell type is desired, the compound may be assayed for activity with the desired cell type and counter-screened for a lack of activity against other cell types. The desired degree of “inactivity” in such counter screens, or the desired ratio of activity vs. inactivity may vary for different situations, and may be selected by the user.

5.5 Uses of the Antiproliferative Compounds

The antiproliferative 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds, including the various salts, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxide forms thereof, may be used to inhibit cell proliferation in a variety of contexts. According to some embodiments of the method, a cell or population of cells is contacted with an amount of such a compound effective to inhibit proliferation of the cell or cell population. The compound may act cytotoxically to kill the cell, or cytostatically to inhibit proliferation without killing the cell.

In some embodiments, the methods may be practiced as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment of proliferative disorders. Thus, in a specific embodiment, the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds (and the various forms described herein) may be used to treat proliferative disorders in animal subjects, including humans. The method generally comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt, prodrug, hydrate or N-oxide thereof, effective to treat the disorder. In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal, including, but not limited to, bovine, horse, feline, canine, rodent, or primate. In another embodiment, the subject is a human.

A variety of cellular proliferative disorders may be treated with the compounds of the present invention. In one embodiment, the compounds are used to treat various cancers in afflicted subjects. Cancers are traditionally classified based on the tissue and cell type from which the cancer cells originate. Carcinomas are considered cancers arising from epithelial cells while sarcomas are considered cancers arising from connective tissues or muscle. Other cancer types include leukemias, which arise from hematopoietic cells, and cancers of nervous system cells, which arise from neural tissue. For non-invasive tumors, adenomas are considered benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization while chondomas are benign tumor arising from cartilage. In the present invention, the described compounds may be used to treat proliferative disorders encompassed by carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, neural cell tumors, and non-invasive tumors.

In a specific embodiment, the compounds are used to treat solid tumors arising from various tissue types, including, but not limited to, cancers of the bone, breast, respiratory tract (e.g., bladder), brain reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head, neck, thyroid, parathyroid, and mestastatic forms thereof.

Specific proliferative disorders include the following: a) proliferative disorders of the breast include, but are not limited to, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and metastatic breast cancer; b) proliferative disorders of the skin include, but are not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Karposi's sarcoma; c) proliferative disorders of the respiratory tract include, but are not limited to, small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, bronchial adema, pleuropulmonary blastoma, and malignant mesothelioma; d) proliferative disorders of the brain include, but are not limited to, brain stem and hyptothalamic glioma, cerebellar and cerebral astrocytoma, medullablastoma, ependymal tumors, oligodendroglial, meningiomas, and neuroectodermal and pineal tumors; e) proliferative disorders of the male reproductive organs include, but are not limited to, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer f) proliferative disorders of the female reproductive organs include, but are not limited to, uterine cancer (endometrial), cervical, ovarian, vaginal, vulval cancers, uterine sarcoma, ovarian germ cell tumor; g) proliferative disorders of the digestive tract include, but are not limited to, anal, colon, colorectal, esophageal, gallbladder, stomach (gastric), pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer-Islet cell, rectal, small-intestine, and salivary gland cancers; h) proliferative disorders of the liver include, but are not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinioma, mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma, and primary liver cancer; i) proliferative disorders of the eye include, but are not limited to, intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma; j) proliferative disorders of the head and cancers include, but are not limited to, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal cancers, and lip and oral cancer, squamous neck cancer, metastatic paranasal sinus cancer; k) proliferative disorders of the lymphomas include, but are not limited to, various T cell and B cell lymphomas, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, and lymphoma of the central nervous system; 1) leukemias include, but are not limited to, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and hair cell leukemia, m) proliferative disorders of the thyroid include thyroid cancer, thymoma, and malignant thymoma; n) proliferative disorders of the urinary tract include, but are not limited to, bladder cancer; o) sarcomas include, but are not limited to, sarcoma of the soft tissue, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lymphosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.

It is to be understood that the descriptions of proliferative disorders is not limited to the conditions described above, but encompasses other disorders characterized by uncontrolled growth and malignancy. It is further understood that proliferative disorders include various metastatic forms of the tumor and cancer types described herein. The compounds of the present invention may be tested for effectiveness against the disorders described herein, and a therapeutically effective regimen established Effectiveness, as further described below, includes reduction or remission of the tumor, decreases in the rate of cell proliferation, or cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on cell growth.

5.6 Combination Therapies

The compounds of the present invention may be used alone, in combination with one another, or as an adjunct to, or in conjunction with, other established antiproliferative therapies. Thus, the compounds of the present invention may be used with traditional cancer therapies, such as ionization radiation in the form of γ-rays and x-rays, delivered externally or internally by implantation of radioactive compounds, and as a follow-up to surgical removal of tumors.

In another aspect, the compounds of the present invention may be used with other chemotherapeutic agents useful for the disorder or condition being treated. These compounds may be administered simultaneously, sequentially, by the same route of administration, or by a different route.

In one embodiment, the present compounds may be used with other anti-cancer or cytotoxic agents. Various classes of anti-cancer and anti-neoplastic compounds include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkyloids, taxanes, antibiotics, enzymes, cytokines, platinum coordination complexes, substituted ureas, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, hormones and hormone antagonists. Exemplary alkylating agents include, by way of example and not limitation, mechlorothamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, ethyleneimines, methylmelamines, alkyl sulfonates (egg, busulfan), and carmustine. Exemplary antimetabolites include, by way of example and not limitation, folic acid analog methotrexate; pyrimidine analog fluorouracil, cytosine arbinoside; purine analogs mercaptopurine, thioguanine, and azathioprine. Exemplary vinca alkyloids include, by way of example and not limitation, vinblastine, vincristine, paclitaxel, and colchicine. Exemplary antibiotics include, by way of example and not limitation, actinomycin D, daunorubicin, and bleomycin. An exemplary enzyme effective as anti-neoplastic agents include L-asparaginase. Exemplary coordination compounds include, by way of example and not limitation, cisplatin and carboplatin. Exemplary hormones and hormone related compounds include, by way of example and not limitation, adrenocorticosteroids prednisone and dexamethasone; aromatase inhibitors amino glutethlimide, formestane, and anastrozole; progestin compounds hydroxyprogesteron caproate, medroxyprogesterone; and anti-estrogen compound tamoxifen.

These and other useful anti-cancer compounds are described in Merck Index, 13th Ed, (O'Neil M. J, et al., ed) Merck Publishing Group (2001) and Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Edition, Hardman, J. G. and Limbird, L. E. eds., pg. 1381-1287, McGraw Hill, (1996), both of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Additional anti-proliferative compounds useful in combination with the compounds of the present invention include, by way of example and not limitation, antibodies directed against growth factor receptors (erg, anti-Her2); antibodies for activating T cells (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 antibodies); and cytokines such as interferon-α and interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and GM-CSF.

5.7 Formulations and Administration

When used to treat or prevent such diseases, the active compounds may be administered singly, as mixtures of one or more active compounds or in mixture or combination with other agents useful for treating such diseases and/or the symptoms associated with such diseases. The active compounds may also be administered in mixture or in combination with agents useful to treat other disorders or maladies, such as steroids, membrane stabilizers. The active compounds or prodrugs may be administered per se, or as pharmaceutical compositions, comprising an active compound or prodrug.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the active compounds of the invention (or prodrugs thereof) may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilization processes. The compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically (see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15^(th) Ed, Hoover, J. E. ed., Mack Publishing Co. (2003)

The active compound or prodrug may be formulated in the pharmaceutical compositions per se, or in the form of a hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, as previously described Typically, such salts are more soluble in aqueous solutions than the corresponding free acids and bases, but salts having lower solubility than the corresponding free acids and bases may also be formed.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may take a form suitable for virtually any mode of administration, including, for example, topical, ocular, oral, buccal, systemic, nasal, injection, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, etc., or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

For topical administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) may be formulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, etc, as are well-known in the art.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration by injection, e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal, transmucosal oral or pulmonary administration.

Useful injectable preparations include sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions of the active compound(s) in aqueous or oily vehicles. The compositions may also contain formulating agents, such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agent. The formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multidose containers, and may contain added preservatives.

Alternatively, the injectable formulation may be provided in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, including but not limited to sterile pyrogen free water, buffer, dextrose solution, etc., before use. To this end, the active compound(s) may be dried by any art-known technique, such as lyophilization, and reconstituted prior to use.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are known in the art.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, lozenges, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, lecithin). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art with, for example, sugars, films or enteric coatings.

Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, elixirs, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, cremophore™ or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, preservatives, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound or prodrug, as is well known.

For buccal administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

For rectal and vaginal routes of administration, the active compound(s) may be formulated as solutions (for retention enemas) suppositories or ointments containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, fluorocarbons, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator (for example capsules and cartridges comprised of gelatin) may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

For ocular administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) may be formulated as a solution, emulsion, suspension, etc, suitable for administration to the eye. A variety of vehicles suitable for administering compounds to the eye are known in the art. Specific none limiting examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,547; U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,934; U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,950; U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,807; U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,445; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,219; U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,222; U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,841; U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,033; U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,150; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,851.

For prolonged delivery, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can be formulated as a depot preparation for administration by implantation or intramuscular injection. The active ingredient may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, e.g., as a sparingly soluble salt. Alternatively, transdermal delivery systems manufactured as an adhesive disc or patch which slowly releases the active compound(s) for percutaneous absorption may be used. To this end, permeation enhancers may be used to facilitate transdermal penetration of the active compound(s), Suitable transdermal patches are described in for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,713; U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,456; U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,213; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,168; U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,561; U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,346; U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,189; U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,899; U.S. Pat. No. 5,088,977; U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,240; U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,110; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,475.

Alternatively, other pharmaceutical delivery systems may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well-known examples of delivery vehicles that may be used to deliver active compound(s) or prodrug(s). Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) may also be employed, although usually at the cost of greater toxicity.

The pharmaceutical compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active compound(s). The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

5.8 Effective Dosages

The active compound(s) or prodrug(s) of the invention, or compositions thereof will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended result, for example in an amount effective to treat or prevent the particular disease being treated. The compound(s) may be administered therapeutically to achieve therapeutic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated and/or eradication or amelioration of one or more of the symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that the patient reports an improvement in feeling or condition, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. Therapeutic benefit also includes halting or slowing the progression of the disease, regardless of whether improvement is realized.

The amount of compound administered will depend upon a variety of factors, including, for example, the particular indication being treated, the mode of administration, the severity of the indication being treated and the age and weight of the patient, the bioavailability of the particular active compound, etc. Determination of an effective dosage is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art.

Effective dosages may be estimated initially from in vitro assays. For example, an initial dosage for use in animals may be formulated to achieve a circulating blood or serum concentration of active compound that is at or above an IC₅₀ of the particular compound as measured in an in vitro assay, such as the in vitro assays described in the Examples section. Calculating dosages to achieve such circulating blood or serum concentrations talking into account the bioavailability of the particular compound is well within the capabilities of skilled artisans. For guidance, the reader is referred to Fingl & Woodbury, “General Principles,” In: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Chapter 1, pp. 1-46, latest edition, Pagamonon Press, and the references cited therein.

Initial dosages may also be estimated from in vivo data, such as animal models. Animal models useful for testing the efficacy of compounds to treat or prevent the various diseases described above are well-known in the art. Dosage amounts will typically be in the range of from about 0.0001 or 0.001 or 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, but may be higher or lower, depending upon, among other factors, the activity of the compound, its bioavailability, the mode of administration and various factors discussed above. Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the compound(s) which are sufficient to maintain therapeutic or prophylactic effect. For example, the compounds may be administered once per week, several times per week (e.g., every other day), once per day or multiple times per day, depending upon, among other things, the mode of administration, the specific indication being treated and the judgment of the prescribing physician. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, such as local topical administration, the effective local concentration of active compound(s) may not be related to plasma concentration Skilled artisans will be able to optimize effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

Preferably, the compound(s) will provide therapeutic or prophylactic benefit without causing substantial toxicity. Toxicity of the compound(s) may be determined using standard pharmaceutical procedures. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic (or prophylactic) LD₅₀/ED₅₀ effect is the therapeutic index (LD₅₀ is the dose lethal to 50% of the population and ED₅₀ is the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). Compounds(s) that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.

5.9 Kits

The compounds and/or prodrugs described herein may be assembled in the form of kits. In some embodiments, the kit provides the compound(s) and reagents to prepare a composition for administration. The composition may be in a dry or lyophilized form, or in a solution, particularly a sterile solution. When the composition is in a dry form, the reagent may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent for preparing a liquid formulation. The kit may contain a device for administration or for dispensing the compositions, including, but not limited to syringe, pipette, transdermal patch, or inhalant.

The kits may include other therapeutic compounds for use in conjunction with the compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agents are other anti-cancer and anti-neoplastic compounds. These compounds may be provided in a separate form, or mixed with the compounds of the present invention.

The kits will include appropriate instructions for preparation and administration of the composition, side effects of the compositions, and any other relevant information. The instructions may be in any suitable format, including, but not limited to, printed matter, videotape, computer readable disk, or optical disc.

6. EXAMPLES 6.1 In vitro Cellular Experiments

The compounds illustrated in TABLES 1-14, supra, were synthesized using the methods described herein. Salts of the compounds were prepared using standard techniques.

The IC₅₀ values of various compounds against a various different tumor cell lines were determined using standard in vitro antiproliferation assays. The tumor cell lines tested were as follows: A549 (lung); H1299 (lung), ACHN (kidney/p53 wt), CAKI (renal cell carcinoma), NCI-H460 (lung); HCT116 (colon/p53 wt); HELA (cervix/p53 wt), HUH7 (liver/p53 wt), HUVEC (primary endothelial), LNCAP (prostate), HT-29 (colon); MCF-7 (breast); MCF-7 (breast/ER positive), MDA MB435S (breast); MDA MB231 (breast/ER negative), DU145 (prostate); BxPC-3 (pancreatic); SKOV-3 (ovarian); HepG2 (hepatic), NDHF primary normal human dermal fibroblast), SKMEL28 (breast/p53mut), SKMEL5 (breast/p53 wt), U2OS (bone) and PCS3 (prostate). The activity of the compounds against A549 cells and H1299 cells is reported in TABLES 1-14, supra. In the tables, a “+” indicates an IC₅₀ of 20 μM or less, a “−” indicates an IC₅₀ of >20 μM. A value of “−/+” indicates that the specific compound exhibited an IC₅₀ of ≧20 μM in a 3-point assay, but exhibited an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM in a higher-point (e.g., 6-point) assay. A value of “+/−” indicates that the specific compound exhibited an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM in a 3-point assay, but exhibited an IC₅₀ of >20 μM in a higher-point (e.g., 6-point) assay. A blank indicates the specified compound was not tested against the specified cell line. Many of the compounds tested exhibited IC50s against A549 and/or H1299 cells in the nanomolar range.

Many of the compounds were tested against other cell lines. Their activity is reported in TABLE 15, below, where +”, “−”, “−/+” or “+/−” values are as described for TABLES 1-14. Where the cell line includes a value in a parenthetical, the value indicates the seeding density at which the assay was performed TABLE 15 No ACHN CAKI HCT116 HELA HUH7 HUVEC LNCAP MCF7(2K) MCF7(4K) 254 256 300 + 697 + 699 710 + 717 − 493 −/+ 494 + 534 + 626 + 495 + 629 + 631 + 632 + 633 + 634 − 496 − 497 − 732 + 500 + 636 − 742 501 502 746 747 642 748 643 749 750 751 752 503 + 753 754 755 + 504 + 506 − 507 − 508 509 644 + 645 + 510 761 762 763 764 765 511 512 + − + + + + 766 767 646 + + − + + + + 647 + 649 − + + + + 516 + 523 + − + + + + 790 651 − 652 − 305 + 306 − 307 + 835 + + 309 + 310 + 311 + 312 + 313 −/+ 314 −/+ 838 − 527 + 528 + 839 + 841 + 529 + 845 + 846 + + + + 847 + 848 + 654 + + 851 + + 858 + + + + + 868 + + + 869 + 933 + 938 940 + 580 581 + 942 + + + + + + + 947 948 949 + 950 + 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 355 − + 356 − 676 677 − 358 −/+ 359 +/− + 978 979 + 980 + 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 418 101 + + + 102 + + + 103 + + + 991 + 104 − 105 + 106 + + + 107 + + − + + + + + + 419 + 420 − 110 + 111 + 112 + 113 + 114 + 432 + 435 + 436 + 211 + + + + 125 + + + + 141 + + + + 1006  + 1007  − 1009  + No MDA-MB-231(2K) MDA-MB-231(4K) NDHF PC3 SKMEL28 SKMEL5 U20S 254 + 256 + 300 697 699 − 710 717 493 494 534 626 495 629 631 632 633 634 496 497 732 500 − 636 742 + 501 − 502 − 746 − 747 + 642 + 748 − 643 − 749 − 750 + 751 − 752 − 503 − 753 − 754 − 755 504 506 507 508 − 509 − 644 − 645 − 510 − 761 − 762 + 763 − 764 − 765 + 511 + 512 + − + + + 766 − 767 − 646 + + + + 647 649 + + 516 + 523 + + + + 790 + 651 652 305 306 307 835 + 309 310 311 312 313 314 838 527 528 839 841 529 845 846 + + 847 848 654 + + 851 + 858 + + + + + 868 + + + 869 + + 933 938 − 940 + 580 − 581 942 + + + + 947 + 948 + 949 + + 950 + 954 − 955 − 956 − 957 + 958 − 959 − 960 − 961 − 962 − 355 + 356 676 + 677 358 359 978 − 979 − 980 − 981 + 982 − 983 − 984 + 985 − 986 − 987 + 418 + 101 + + 102 + + 103 + + 991 104 105 106 + + 107 + + + + + + 419 420 110 111 112 113 114 432 435 436 211 + + 125 + + 141 + + 1006  1007  1009 

6.2 In Vivo Xenograft Experiments

Compounds 107, 858, 164, 211 and 156 were tested for their ability to shrink tumors generated from A549 cells in standard xenograft experiments. Compounds 141 and 211 were tested against H1299 tumors. When palpable tumors appeared and were of a preselected volume (approximately 40-150 mm³), the mice were administered test compounds as specified in TABLE 16, below. Preliminary results are reported in TABLE 16, TABLE 16 Test Preliminary Compound Cell Type Dose Dose Schedule Formulation Comments Results 107 A549 40 mg/kg 3x a day for 4 Liposome No No significant days followed by Vehicle (DMPC) precipitation reduction in 5 days rest. was noted tumor size 107 A549 25 mg/kg and Bid, daily 16% Cremophor/ Compound No significant 50 mg/kg And 16% EtOH/ crashed out of reduction in Bid 4 days w/8 68% Saline solution when tumor size seen days rest saline was with either added dose 858 A549 25 mg/kg Bid, daily 5% EtOH/ No No significant 15% Cremophor/ precipitation reduction in 80% Saline was noted tumor size seen 164, 211 A549 25 mg/kg R563-5 days bid 100% DMSO No 23.2% with 2 days of precipitation reduction in rest was noted tumor size in R565 - bid, daily mice treated with 211. Compound 164 showed no significant reduction in tumor size. 141, 211 H1299 25 mg/kg Bid, daily 100% DMSO Compound 141 No significant precipitated out reduction in on day 2. tumor size was Compound was seen with prepared fresh either for days 3, 4, compound. and 5. No precipitation was noted for Compound 211 156 A549 25 mg/kg and Bid, daily 0.9% Saline No 60.4% 50 mg/kg precipitation reduction in was noted tumor size was observed in mice treated with 50 mg/kg. No significant reduction was seen at the lower dose.

Although the foregoing inventions have been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.

It is to be understood that when ranges of integers are described herein, the description is intended to include the endpoints and each intervening integer as though each integer were explicitly delineated. As a specific example, the description “an integer from 1 to 6,” is intended to explicitly describe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

All literature and patent references cited throughout the application are incorporated by reference into the application for all purposes. 

1. A method of inhibiting proliferation of a cancer cell, comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of a 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound according to structural formula (I):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: L¹ and L² are each, independently of one another, selected from a lower alkyldiyl linker, a lower allylene linker and a covalent bond; R² is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl optionally substituted with an R^(b) group,

 where Y is NH, O or CH₂; R²′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl; R⁴′ is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b) group, lower cycloalkyl optionally monosubstituted with an R^(a) or R^(b) group, lower cycloheteroalkyl optionally substituted at one or more ring carbon and/or heteroatoms with an R^(a) or R^(b) group, —(CR^(a)R^(a))_(n)—R^(b),

 where D is —(CR⁷R⁷)_(m)—,

 where Z¹ is N or CH and Z² is O, S, NH, S(O) or S(O)₂; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halo, fluoro and —CF₃; R⁶ is hydrogen; each R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl and halo; each R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower allyl, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —OR^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), halo, —CF₃ and —OCF₃; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, —OR^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), —C(O)—NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)—NR^(c)R^(c), —S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NHC(O)R^(a), —NHC(S)R^(a), —C(O)—NH—(CH₂), —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)—NH—(CH₂), —NR^(c)R^(c), halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃,

each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OH, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(c)R^(c), OR^(a), O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(a), —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b), e halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃,

each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c) and NR^(a)R^(d); each R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, arylalkyl, —OR^(a), —NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a) and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c); each R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c) and —C(O)NH₂; each R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloakyl and phenyl; each R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower branched alkyl and lower cycloalkylmethyl; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d) or, alternatively, R¹⁷ may be taken together with R¹⁸ to form an oxo (═O) group; each R¹⁸ is independently selected on the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and methyl or, alternatively, R¹⁸ may be taken together with R¹⁷ to form all oxo (═O) group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected form the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d); each R²⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl and R^(d); each m is independently an integer from 1 to 3; each n is independently an integer from 1 to 3; each R^(a) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR^(a), —CF₃, —OCF₃, NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), —C(S)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(S)NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(C), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(d), —C(S)NR^(a)R^(d) and —S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(d); each R^(c) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower cycloalkyl, or, alternatively, two R^(c)s may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form a 5-7 membered saturated ring which optionally includes 1-2 additional heteroatomic groups selected from O, NR^(a), NR^(a)—C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)—C(O)OR^(a) and NR^(a)—C(O)NR^(a); and each R^(d) is independently selected from lower mono-hydroxyalkyl and lower di-hydroxyalkyl, with the provisos that: (i) when R² is

 then R⁹ and R¹⁰ are not both simultaneously lower alkoxy or methoxy, or when R² is 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl or 3,4,5-tri(loweralkoxy)phenyl, then R⁴ is

(ii) when R² is lower alkyl, then R⁴ is

(iii) when R⁴ is

 and L² is lower alkylene, then R² is other than 3-(1,3-oxazolyl)phenyl; (iv) when R⁴ is

 where R¹⁵ is t-butyl and R² is

 then at least two of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ or R⁸, R⁹ and R¹³ are other than hydrogen; (v) when R⁴ is

 where R¹⁵ is t-butyl and R² is

where R¹ and R⁹ are each hydrogen, then R¹⁰ is other than —(CH₂)_(n)—OH or —O(CH₂)_(n)—R^(b) where R^(b) is selected from NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c) and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(d).
 2. The method of claim 1 in which L¹ and L² are each a covalent bond.
 3. The method of claim 2 in which R⁵ is fluoro.
 4. The method of claim 3 in which R²′ and R⁴′ are each hydrogen.
 5. The method of claim 3 in which R²′ is hydrogen and R⁴′ is methyl.
 6. The method of claim 3 in which R² is


7. The method of claim 6 in which R⁴ is selected from unsubstituted cyclopropyl, unsubstituted cyclobutyl, unsubstituted cyclopentyl, unsubstituted cyclohexyl

where R^(e) and R^(f) are selected from (C1-C3) alkanyl and methyl and R^(g) is benzyl.
 8. The method of claim 7 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is selected from

and R¹⁰ is other than


9. The method of claim 8 in which R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro.
 10. The method of claim 8 in which R¹² is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 11. The method of claim 8 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is other than

and R¹⁰ is selected from


12. The method of claim 11 in which R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro.
 13. The method of claim 11 in which R¹² is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)Cl₂CH₃.
 14. The method of claim 8 in which R⁹ is other than

and R¹⁰) is other than


15. The method of claim 14 in which R⁸ and R⁹ are each hydrogen and R¹⁰ is —OCH₂NHR^(a).
 16. The method of claim 14 in which R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro, with the proviso that at least two of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are other than hydrogen.
 17. The method of claim 7 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in any one of TABLEs 1A-1D having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 18. The method of claim 3 in which R⁴ is


19. The method of claim 18 in which R¹ is hydrogen and R¹⁵ is selected from lower branched alkyl and lower cycloalkyl.
 20. The method of claim 18 in which R¹⁵ is t-butyl or cyclopropyl.
 21. The method of claim 18 in which R² is


22. The method of claim 21 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is selected from

and R¹⁰ is other than


23. The method of claim 22 in which R¹⁰ is selected from methyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro.
 24. The method of claim 22 in which R¹² of R⁹ is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)CH₂CH₃.
 25. The method of claim 21 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is other than

and R¹⁰ is selected from


26. The method of claim 25 in which R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro.
 27. The method of claim 25 in which R¹² of R¹⁰ is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)CH₂CH₃.
 28. The method of claim 18 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 2 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 29. The method of claim 3 in which R⁴ is lower alkyl.
 30. The method of claim 29 in which the lower alkyl is branched.
 31. The method of claim 30 in which R^(e4) is i-propyl or t-butyl.
 32. The method of claim 30 in which R² is


33. The method of claim 32 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is selected from

and R¹⁰ is other than


34. The method of claim 33 in which R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl and chloro.
 35. The method of claim 33 in which R² of R⁹ is methyl.
 36. The method of claim 32 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is hydrogen and R¹⁰ is selected from


37. The method of claim 36 in which R¹² is methyl.
 38. The method of claim 18 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 3 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 39. The method of claim 3 in which R⁴ is selected from


40. The method of claim 39 in which R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are different from one another such that the carbon atom to which they are bonded is chiral.
 41. The method of claim 40 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a racemate of R and S enantiomers.
 42. The method of claim 40 which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is enriched in the R enantiomer.
 43. The method of claim 42 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is substantially free of the S enantiomer.
 44. The method of claim 40 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is enriched in the S enantiomer.
 45. The method of claim 44 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is substantially free of the R enantiomer.
 46. The method of claim 39 in which R² is


47. The method of claim 46 in which R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro and OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a), with the proviso that at least one of R⁸, R⁹ or R¹⁰ is other than hydrogen.
 48. The method of claim 46 in which R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ is selected from

and R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, methyl and chloro.
 49. The method of claim 48 in which R¹² is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 50. The method of claim 46 in which R⁸ is hydrogen, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl and chloro; and R¹⁰ is selected from


51. The method of claim 50 in which R¹² is selected from methyl, —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)OCH₃ and —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 52. The method of claim 46 in which the substituents on the R⁴ and R² groups are independently selected from any combinations described in TABLE 4 or TABLE
 6. 53. The method of claim 46 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 4 or TABLE 6 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 54. The method of claim 3 in which R⁴ is


55. The method of claim 54 in which D is selected from —CH₂—CH₂—, —CF₂—CF₂, —CH₂—, and —CF₂—.
 56. The method of claim 54 in which R² is


57. The method of claim 56 in which R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro, fluoro, —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —OCH₂C(O)OR^(a), trifluoromethyl and —O(CH₂)_(n)OH, with the proviso that at least one of R⁸, R⁹ or R¹⁰ (is other than hydrogen.
 58. The method of claim 54 which is selected from any compound in TABLE 5 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 59. The method of claim 3 in which R² is


60. The method of claim 59 in which R¹¹ is selected from any R¹¹ group listed in TABLE
 7. 61. The method of claim 59 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 7 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 62. The method of claim 3 in which R⁴ is


63. The method of claim 62 in which R² is


64. The method of claim 63 in which each R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ is selected such that the compound is not an N2,N4-bis(substituted phenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine.
 65. The method of claim 63 in which each R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ is, independently of the others, selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, lower linear alkoxy, halo, —O(CH₂)_(n)NR^(c)R^(c), —OCH₂C(O)NR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)NR^(c)R^(c) and —OCH₂C(O)OR^(a).
 66. The method of claim 65 in which R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another; selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and chloro, with the proviso that at least one of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ on both of R² and R⁴ is other than hydrogen.
 67. The method of claim 66 in which at least two of R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ on both of R² and R⁴ are other than hydrogen.
 68. The method of claim 63 in which R⁸ and R⁹ of R² are each hydrogen; R¹⁰ of R² is —OCH₂C(O)NR^(c)R^(c) or —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a); R⁸ and R¹⁰ of 10 are, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, methyl and chloro; and R⁹ of R⁴ is selected from hydroxy,


69. The method of claim 63 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 8 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 70. The method of claim 3 in which R² is


71. The method of claim 70 in which R⁴ is

where D is —CH₂CH₂—.
 72. The method of claim 71 in which R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro and chloro.
 73. The method of claim 71 which is selected from any compound in TABLE 10 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 74. The method of claim 3 in which R² is


75. The method of claim 74 in which R⁴ is


76. The method of claim 75 in which R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen, lower linear alkanyl, lower branched alkanyl, lower cyclic alkanyl and lower cyclicalkanylmethyl.
 77. The method of claim 75 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound in TABLE 13 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 78. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is selected from any compound illustrated in TABLES 1-14 having an IC₅₀ of ≦20 μM against at least one tumor cell line in an in vitro antiproliferation assay.
 79. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is compound according to structural formula (Ia):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: m is as integer ranging from 1 to 3; R²¹ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halogen and chloro; R²² is selected from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halogen, chloro,

R²³ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halogen, chloro, trifluomethyl, —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a),

 and R²⁴ is selected from hydrogen and methyl, with the provisos that (i) when R²² is

 then R²³ is other than

 and (ii) when R²³ is

 then R²² is other than


80. The method of claim 79 in which R²¹ and R²² are each hydrogen and R²³ is selected from —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a),


81. The method of claim 79 in which R²² is selected from hydrogen methoxy, chloro,


82. The method of claim 81 in which R¹² is methyl.
 83. The method of claim 79 in which R²¹ is hydrogen and R²² is

where R¹² is methyl.
 84. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ib):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R¹⁵ is selected from t-butyl and cyclopropyl; R²¹, R²² and R²³ are as defined in claim
 79. 85. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ic):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R¹⁴ is selected from i-propyl and t-butyl; and R²¹, R²² and R²³ are as defined in claim
 79. 86. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Id):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: Z¹ is selected from N and CH; Z² is selected from NH, O, S and S(O)₂; R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹⁹ is as defined in claim 1; R²⁰ is as defined in claim 1; R²⁴ is as defined in claim 79; R⁴¹ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl; hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro, trifluoromethyl and —CH₂OH; R⁴² is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a),

 where R¹² is as defined in claim 1; and R⁴³ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a), —OCH₂C(O)OR^(a),

 where R¹² is as defined in claim 1, with the provisos that: (i) when R⁴² is

 then R⁴³ is other than

 and (ii) when R⁴³ is

 then R⁴² is other than


87. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ie):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein Z¹, Z², R¹⁶, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²⁴, R⁴¹, R⁴² and R⁴³ are as defined in claim
 86. 88. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (If):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: Z³ is selected from N and CH; p is 0 or 1; R⁷ is selected from hydrogen and fluoro; R²⁴ is as defined in claim 79; R⁵¹ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, CH₂OH and —C(O)OCH₃; R⁵² is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, CH₂OH and —OCH₂C(O)NR^(a)R^(a) where R^(a) is as defined in claim 1; and R⁵³ is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, methyl, lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, CH₂OH, —OCH₂C(O)OR^(a) and OCH₂C(O)NHR^(a) where R^(a) is as defined in claim
 1. 89. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ig):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R²⁸ is hydrogen or methyl; R¹⁶ is as defined in claim 86; and R²¹, R²², R²³ and R²⁴ are as defined in claim
 79. 90. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ih):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R²⁴ is as defined in claim 79; R⁶¹ is selected from H and Cl; R⁶² is selected from —CH₂NHBoc, —CH₂NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NH—CH₂—C(O)OH, —C(O)NH—CH₂—C(O)OMe and —C(O)NH—CH₂CH₂—N(Et)₂; R⁶³ is selected from H and Cl; R⁷¹ is H; R⁷² is selected from H, OMe, Cl and —C(O)NH₂; and R⁷³ is selected from H, OMe and Cl.
 91. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ii):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: each R²⁴ is independently as defined in claim 79; and R³⁰ is selected from alkanyl and alkenyl.
 92. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ij):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R²⁴ is as defined in claim 79; R⁸¹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl and methoxy; R⁸² is selected from hydrogen, methoxy and chloro; and R⁸³ is selected from methyl, methoxy, halo and fluoro.
 93. The method of claim 1 in which the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compound is a compound according to structural formula (Ik), (Il), (Im) or (In):

including prodrugs, salts, hydrates, solvates and N-oxides thereof, wherein: R⁹¹, if present, is hydrogen; R⁹², if present, is selected from lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo, chloro and fluoro; R⁹³, if present, is selected from lower alkoxy, methoxy, halo and chloro; and R⁹⁶ is selected from hydrogen, lower linear alkanyl, lower branched alkanyl, lower cycloalkanyl and lower cycloalkanylmethyl.
 94. The method of claim 1 in which the cancer cell is a tumor cell.
 95. The method of claim 94 in which the tumor cell is a bladder, lung, colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic, ovarian or hepatic tumor cell.
 96. The method of claim 1 which is practiced in vivo as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment of cancer.
 97. The method of claim 96 in which the cancer is a metastatic tumor.
 98. The method of claim 97 in which the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast, colon, pancreatic, lung, neural, esophageal, gastric, and melanoma.
 99. The method of claim 96 in which the compound is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
 100. The method of claim 99 in which the compound is administered orally or intravenously.
 101. The method of claim 100 in which the subject is a human. 